SHH 382: Exam 2

Sound

a disturbance, which results in some kind of movement, moves air molecules in the direction of a wave; longitudinal wave

Longitudinal wave

speech sounds, disturbance travels in direction of the wave

Transverse wave

particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of the wave (ex: earthquake)

Compression

area of high density/pressure

Refraction

area of low density/pressure

Period

time it takes to complete one cycle of vibration, seconds or milliseconds

Frequency

number of periods/glottal cycles completed in one second, Hertz (Hz)

Amplitude

the magnitude of vibration, the distance a particle moves from its resting position, decibel (dB)

Peak amplitude

difference between the baseline (resting position) and maximum particle displacement

Peak-to-peak amplitude

difference between the maximum displacement in one direction (positive peak) and the positive displacement in the other direction (negative peak)

Simple wave

has one frequency

Complex wave

has two or more frequencies

Periodic wave

every cycle takes the same amount of time to occur, and a visible pattern is formed as the cycle repeats itself over time

Aperiodic wave

has no specific period or a specific frequency (pitch), so it sounds like noise

Simple periodic wave (sine wave)

one frequency and an identifiable pattern of repetition

Complex periodic wave

two or more frequencies and an identifiable pattern of repetition, voiced phonemes

Complex aperiodic wave

two or more frequencies and no periodicity, voiceless phonemes

Fundamental frequency (F₀)

the lowest frequency in a complex periodic sound

Harmonic frequencies (harmonics)

multiples of F₀

Continuous noise

prolonged complex aperiodic sound (tire leaking air)

Transient noise

brief complex aperiodic sound (clapping)

White noise

many frequencies of equal amplitide

Pink noise

white noise with louder lower frequencies

Brown noise

many frequencies with random amplitude fluctuations

Vowels

phonemes produced with very little to no constriction of the vocal tract, all use laryngeal sound source

Consonants

phonemes produced by making a constriction or obstruction in the vocal tract, not all use laryngeal sound source

Manner of articulation

stops, affricates, fricatives, nasals, glides, liquids

Place of articulation

(bi)labial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal

Voicing

voiced, voiceless

Stops

requires a complete obstruction of vocal tract; /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/

Fricatives

constriction of the vocal tract, turbulence is generated at point of constriction; /f/, /s/, /Shh/, /v/,/z/, /ʒ/

Affricates

combination of stop obstruction and fricative turbulence

Nasals

articulatory obstruction is made to direct airflow through the velopharyngeal port and through the nasal cavity; /m/,/n/

Liquids and glides

liquids + glides = approximates, glides = semivowels