Healthcare Systems and Policies - Slide 1 Quiz 1
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Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms, acts, and concepts from the lecture notes on US healthcare delivery and related legislation.
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109 Terms
Health care system paradoxes (US)
Contradictory features: high standards and advanced tech with high spending, focus on treatment over prevention, and socioeconomic/racial disparities affecting outcomes.
Licensure
Official authorization to practice a health profession, ensuring minimum standards.
Certification
Credential indicating competence in a specialty or field.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
U.S. agency responsible for testing, approving, and regulating drugs and medical devices.
Health care expenditure
Total spending on health care in the United States, often expressed as a share of GDP or per capita.
Per capita health expenditure
Health care spending divided by the population, i.e., spending per person.
GDP share (health care)
Proportion of the gross domestic product spent on health care.
Out-of-pocket expenditures
Costs paid directly by individuals at the point of care.
Health care technology spending
Investment in medical technology and devices contributing to overall costs.
Aging population
Demographic trend increasing demand for health care services.
R&D investment in health care
Spending on research and development that drives new treatments and technologies.
Health insurance coverage expansion
Growth in insured individuals due to policy changes, markets, or programs.
Waste, fraud, and abuse
Inefficiencies and improper practices that raise overall health costs.
Medical errors
Diagnostic errors, medication errors, and other mistakes that harm patients and increase costs.
Health disparities
Socioeconomic and racial differences linked to variations in health outcomes.
Health expenditure trends
Rising total expenditures, per-capita spending, and share of GDP over time.
Price index for drugs
A measure of how drug prices change over time (e.g., 1–5% annually in the mid-1990s).
Utilization in pharmacology
Growth in the use or consumption of prescription drugs.
Hospital care spending
Share of total health care spending allocated to hospital services.
Private health insurance (PHI)
Employer-sponsored or marketplace coverage; major source of financing for care.
Medicare
Federal program for people aged 65+ (plus certain younger people); Parts A, B, and D cover hospital, medical, and prescription drugs.
Medicaid
Joint federal-state program for low-income individuals, covering medical services; enrollment varies.
Out-of-pocket share
Portion of total health care spending paid directly by individuals through OOP payments.
Federal government share (spending sources)
Portion of health care spending funded by the federal government; Medicare often the largest contributor.
State and local government share (spending sources)
Portion of health care spending funded by state and local governments (e.g., Medicaid payments).
HMO Act (1973)
Legislation promoting Health Maintenance Organizations and managed care delivery models.
CHIP (State Children’s Health Insurance Program)
Program (1997) providing health coverage and preventive care for uninsured children in eligible families.
HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
1996 law establishing privacy standards and protections for individuals’ health information; OCR enforces compliance.
Affordable Care Act (ACA, 2010)
Law expanding health insurance coverage, creating exchanges, prohibiting denial for preexisting conditions, and mandating essential health benefits.
Inflation Reduction Act (IRA, 2022)
Law to lower drug costs and expand Medicare negotiation, cap insulin costs, and regulate price increases.
Non-interference clause (IRA context)
Provisions limiting federal interference in negotiations between drug manufacturers and payers; enables price negotiations for certain drugs.
Flexner Report (1910)
Survey of US/Canadian medical schools; promoted scientific method and higher standards in medical education.
Pharmacy education milestones
Origins of formal pharmacy education; 1922 APA Code of Ethics; 1932 minimum 4-year degree by AACP.
Pharmaceutical care (definition)
Provision of drug therapy with the aim of achieving definite outcomes that improve quality of life (as per Hepler & Strand).