chadbourne kidneys

1. What are the primary organs responsible for filtration and secretion in the body?

Kidneys

2. Name two ways the kidneys help regulate acid-base balance.

Excrete/reabsorb H+ ions and bicarbonate

3. How do the kidneys contribute to blood pressure regulation?

Release renin to activate RAAS

4. What role do the kidneys play in red blood cell formation?

Produce erythropoietin (EPO)

5. How do the kidneys participate in drug metabolism?

Filter and excrete drug metabolites

6. Which hormone metabolism occurs in the kidneys?

Aldosterone, ADH

7. What function does the kidney serve in vitamin D synthesis?

Convert vitamin D into active form

8. How does the kidney regulate glucose homeostasis?

Reabsorb glucose and prevent loss in urine

9. How can alterations in kidney function impair its normal physiological roles?

Lead to imbalances in blood pressure, RBCs, electrolytes, acid-base

10. What are three common diseases that can lead to kidney dysfunction?

Hypertension, type 2 diabetes, autoimmune diseases

11. What percentage of cardiac output (CO) is directed to the kidneys?

20%

12. What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and why does it reduce with age?

Rate of blood filtered per unit time; declines with nephron loss

13. What is the significance of renal blood filtration per unit of time?

Determines kidney efficiency

14. What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

15. What does the nephron process before producing urine?

Filtered fluid

16. What special characteristic of glomerular capillaries aids filtration?

High hydrostatic pressure

17. Why does high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries favor filtration?

Forces fluid into Bowman’s capsule

18. What structure receives filtrate immediately after the glomerular capillaries?

Bowman’s capsule

19. What happens in the proximal tubule after filtration occurs?

Reabsorbs majority of filtrate

20. What is the primary function of the Loop of Henle?

Concentrates filtered fluid

21. What waste product enters the Loop of Henle?

Urea

22. How does the distal tubule respond to aldosterone?

Absorbs water and sodium

23. How does the collecting duct respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Reabsorbs additional water

24. How do the kidneys help maintain acid-base balance?

Regulate H+ and bicarbonate levels

25. What waste products do the kidneys eliminate?

Urea, uric acid, creatinine, drug metabolites

26. What is the role of erythropoietin (EPO)?

Increase RBC production

27. How does renin contribute to blood pressure regulation?

Activates RAAS to raise BP

28. What is the function of vitamin D in renal processes?

Regulates calcium absorption

29. How does the kidney participate in glucose homeostasis?

Prevents excessive glucose loss

30. What are two consequences of insufficient kidney filtration?

Waste buildup, toxin accumulation

31. How can kidney dysfunction affect the neurological system?

Can cause confusion, stupor, encephalopathy

32. Why does excess renin secretion occur in kidney disease, and what is the result?

Poor perfusion; increases BP

33. How does decreased erythropoietin production affect the body?

Leads to anemia

34. How does kidney dysfunction impact acid-base balance?

Can cause metabolic acidosis

35. Why is excess potassium secretion necessary for kidney function?

Prevents hyperkalemia

36. What is renal osteodystrophy, and how is it related to vitamin D deficiency?

Weak bones from low calcium absorption

37. Why are kidneys highly susceptible to ischemic injury?

Require high pressure for filtration

38. What happens if urine outflow is obstructed?

Fluid backup damages renal pelvis

39. What can cause kidney stones (nephrolithiasis)?

Dehydration, hypercalcemia, UTI

40. What are three common causes of prerenal dysfunction?

Hypovolemia, heart failure, shock

41. How do nephrotoxic drugs contribute to intrarenal dysfunction?

Cause direct kidney damage

42. What condition causes postrenal dysfunction?

Obstruction of urine flow

43. What symptoms might suggest renal dysfunction?

Flank pain, hematuria, edema, hypertension

44. Why is costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness an important clinical finding?

Indicates kidney inflammation or infection

45. What does hematuria indicate in a patient?

Blood in urine; could mean infection or kidney stones

46. What does proteinuria suggest about kidney function?

Impaired filtration, possible kidney damage

47. Why is tea-colored urine a concerning finding?

Presence of bilirubin; possible liver disorder

48. What role does blood urea nitrogen (BUN) play in assessing renal function?

Indicates waste buildup in blood

49. How does creatinine (Cr) relate to glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Increased Cr = decreased GFR

50. Why should contrast dyes be avoided in patients with renal impairment?

They cannot efficiently excrete the dye