apwh unit 3 study help :D

What system did the Ottoman Empire use to recruit Christian boys into military and administrative roles?

The devshirme system

How did the Ottoman Empire maintain control over diverse populations?

Through a highly bureaucratic system led by viziers and provincial governors, balancing local autonomy with imperial oversight.

What technological advancement enabled the Ottoman Empire to conquer Constantinople in 1453?

Gunpowder technology

What was the primary goal of the Qing Dynasty's expansion into Taiwan, Tibet, and Central Asia?

To legitimize their rule and bolster frontier defense against nomadic threats.

What system did the Qing Dynasty use to integrate Han Chinese elites into governance?

Confucian civil service exams

How did the Russian Empire expand its territory under Ivan IV and later rulers?

By using military fortresses and settler colonies, integrating territories through tribute and Orthodox Christianity.

What policy did Peter the Great implement to weaken hereditary aristocratic power in Russia?

The Table of Ranks, which tied status to state service.

What was Akbar the Great's approach to unify diverse populations in the Mughal Empire?

He used religious tolerance and administrative centralization.

What system did the Mughal Empire use to ensure loyalty and efficient tax collection?

The mansabdari system, which ranked officials by military and civil service.

What was the state religion established by the Safavid Empire?

Shi'a Islam

How did the Safavid Empire ensure loyalty within its military elite?

By recruiting ghulams, often composed of enslaved peoples trained for service.

What infrastructure did the Inca Empire build to facilitate centralized control?

An extensive road network

What labor tribute system did the Inca Empire practice?

Mit'a labor tribute, requiring communities to contribute labor to state projects.

How did the Songhai Empire expand its influence in West Africa?

By controlling trans-Saharan trade routes and cities like Timbuktu and Gao.

What led to the decline of the Songhai Empire?

Internal succession disputes and external pressures from Moroccan invasions.

What was the significance of adopting European technology in the Russian Empire?

It aimed to make Russia a competitive great power.

What approach did the Mughal Empire take to prevent sectarian conflict?

Fostering social cohesion through religious tolerance.

What was the impact of Aurangzeb's policies in the Mughal Empire?

They reversed tolerance policies, leading to internal dissent and weakening imperial cohesion.

What was the divine right monarchy exemplified by Louis XIV of France?

Louis XIV staged elaborate ceremonies at Versailles to present himself as the Sun King, reinforcing his absolute authority over the nobility.

How did the Qing Dynasty legitimize Manchu rule?

By reinstating the Confucian civil service examination to staff government posts with scholar-officials, co-opting Han Chinese elites.

What was the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?

A recruitment system that conscripted Christian boys to serve as Janissary soldiers and state administrators, creating loyalty to the sultan.

What was the mansabdari ranking system in the Mughal Empire?

A system that granted officials land-revenue rights tied to military and civil service, securing provincial loyalty and stable income for the government.

What was the state creed of the Safavid Empire?

Twelver Shi'a Islam was declared the official religion, promoting internal cohesion and justifying opposition to Sunni rivals.

How did Peter the Great of Russia alter noble status?

He tied noble status to performance in civil or military service, weakening hereditary aristocracy and rewarding merit.

What role did the Songhai Empire play in Islamic scholarship?

It funded madrasas and mosques, enhancing the ruler's role as defender of Islam and law, thus strengthening central judicial authority.

How did the Spanish Empire govern its colonies?

Through royal viceroys backed by Catholic missionary orders, invoking papal authority to control indigenous conversion and facilitate administration.

What was the significance of the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses and John Calvin's reforms fractured Western Christendom, empowering rulers to assert religious autonomy from Rome.

What was the Catholic Counter-Reformation?

A movement led by the Council of Trent to reaffirm Catholic doctrines, reform clerical discipline, and expand missionary work.

How did Sunni Islam influence the Ottoman Empire?

The sultan patronized madrasas and sharia courts, standardizing Sunni practice to legitimize rule and foster communal unity.

What was the role of Shah Ismail I in the Safavid Empire?

He enforced Twelver Shi'a doctrine through state-sponsored mosques and rituals, differentiating the realm from Sunni neighbors.

What teachings did Guru Nanak introduce in Sikhism?

He blended monotheistic teachings with elements of Hindu devotion and Muslim mysticism, creating an egalitarian faith to address tensions.

How did Islam syncretize with indigenous beliefs in West Africa?

Muslim scholars merged Quranic instruction with local customs, facilitating Islam's spread while preserving cultural continuity.

What is an example of Catholic syncretism with Native American beliefs?

Indigenous deities and rituals were reinterpreted under Catholic symbolism, such as the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico City.

What was the role of the Church in maintaining authority in Europe?

The Church's hierarchical clergy and sacraments provided social cohesion and moral guidance amid political fragmentation.