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neurons

receive, integrate, transmit info

4 zones of a neuron

input, integration, conduction, output

4 zones with parts

dendrites + soma, axon hillock, axon, axon terminals/synapse

nucleus 

genetic material 

mitochondria

energy (ATP)

dendrites

receive messages

axon

sends messages

myelin 

speeds up signal 

nodes of ranvier

gaps where signal is boosted

glial cell —> astrocyte 

Blood-brain barrier, clean up, support

glial cell —> oligodendrocytes

myelinate CNS

glial cell —> schwann cells

myelinate PNS

glial cell —> microglia

tiny immune cells, clean up dead stuff

CNS vs PNS

brain + spinal vs everything else!

In CNS, collection of neurons = … axons = … 

ganglia, nerves

In PNS, collection of neurons = … axons = … 

nuclei, tracts

somatic

voluntary movement

autonomic

involuntary

2 branches of autonomic

sympathetic + parasympathetic

sympathetic 

fight or flight (norepinephrine)

parasympathetic 

rest and digest (acetylcholine)

2 parts of forebrain

telencephalon, diencephalon

midbrain part

mesencephalon

hindbrain parts

metencephalon, myelencephalon

telencephalon key structures and functions

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

Diencephalon key structures and functions

Thalamus (relay), Hypothalamus (4 Fs)

Mesencephalon key structures and functions

Tectum, Tegmentum 

Metencephalon key structures and functions

Cerebellum (balance, coordination, control), Pons (bridge between cerebrum + cerebellum, sleep, arousal)

Myelencephalon key structures and functions

medulla (essential functions —> heart rate, breathing, blood pressure)

4 in limbic system

Amygdala = emotion/fear, Hippocampus = memory, Cingulate Gyrus = attention, Olfactory bulb = smell 

Basal Ganglia

Movement + motivation, Includes striatum, Dorsal striatum → Parkinson’s (dopamine cell loss)

4 lobes of Cerebral Cortex

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

primary area and job of frontal lobe

motor cortex, motor control, decisions

primary area and job of parietal lobe

somatosensory cortex, touch

primary area and job of temporal lobe

auditory cortex, hearing, memory

primary area and job of occipital lobe

visual cortex, vision

Sensory Homunculus

more sensitive areas (like hands and lips) take up more brain space of post central gyrus, even though the body parts themselves aren't larger

Contralateral Control

right hemisphere receives sensations and controls movements for left side of body and vice-versa 

4th cortical layer

receives thalamic input

Ventricles

produce & circulate CSF

3 meninges layers

dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid membrane

reticular formation

awake and alert

comparative neuroanatomy

we have bigger brains, higher level processing, more exec control than rats, rats mimic a lot of same processes that humans have

main funcs of meninges

protect brain and spinal cord, circulate cerebrospinal fluid

forebrain main -cephalon

prosencephalon

midbrain main -cephalon

mesencephalon

hindbrain main -cephalon

Rhombencephalon

nerve pneumonic

Olives Open October Trots. Tries Absurd Food. Veggies? Gross! Vanilla Actually Helps.

multipolar

one axon, many dendrites 

Bipolar 

one axon, one dendrite

Monopolar

single body extension, branching in two directions 

Presynaptic terminal 

the end of the first neuron that sends the message, on axon terminal 

Synaptic cleft

the tiny space between the two neurons.

Postsynaptic membrane 

the part of the next neuron that receives the message, on cell body of post synaptic neuron 

motor neurons

contact muscles or glands 

Sensory neurons/receptors

respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor, or touch 

Interneurons

receive input from and send input to other neurons

glial cell function 

Modulate, support, and insulate neurons

afferent

into region of interest

efferent 

away from region of interest 

cerebral cortex function 

Sensory and motor processing

basal ganglia function  

movement control 

limbic system function

emotion and memory

thalamus

relay station for sensory info

hypothalamus

4 Fs

Superior Colliculi

visual processing

Inferior Colliculi

auditory processing 

Periaqueductal gray

pain and threat

Reticular formation

sleep and arousal 

Substantia Nigra (SN)

“black substance”, movement, motor components 

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

reward and motivation