Gen Eco (LEC)

ecology

it examines the interactions between living things and their surroundings.

oikos

house, home or place t live in

Ernst Haeckel

he invented the word ecology

autecology

it focuses on an individual organism or species and its surroundings with the environment

synecology

it focuses on groups of organisms and their interactions with one another and their environment

individual organisms

any living being. individuals act reciprocally with the environmental Abiotic factors, which limits their distribution

population

group of individuals of given species that live in a specific geographic area

community

consists of all the various populations interacting and occupying a particular space

ecosystem

refers to all abiotic factors of the environment and all the communities established in a specific area

biome

a broad Geographic area containing a specific kind of climax community

biospehere

it is the whole portion of earth colonized by living beings.

ecosystem

it is a population of living organisms that interacts with one another in a certain habitat.

biotic component

these are living components or environment

producers

they make their own food

consumers

they eat other organisms for energy

decomposers

they breakdown dead organisms and recycle nutrients

abiotic components

they are the non-living components of environment

Physical and chemical factors

herbivores

they are Primary Consumers and mainly eats plants or plant part

carnivores

they are secondary or tertiary consumers and eats other animals.

omnivores

they can occupy different Trophic levels and they eat both plants and animals

insectivores

they are usually secondary consumers and mainly eats insects and other small invertebrates

frugivores

they are important in seed dispersal and they mainly eat fruits

granivores

they are often primary consumers and they mainly eat seeds and grains

nectarivores

they are important pollinators and feeds mainly on nector

piscivores

they are aquatic predators and mainly eats fish

scavengers

they help remove animal remains and feeds on dead animals

detritivores

they help decompose and recycle nutrients, they feed on dead organic matter/detritus

diurnal

mainly active during the day

nocturnal

mainly active at night

crepuscular

most active during dawn and/or dusk

cold blooded animals

their temperature varies with the environment

warm blooded animals

they maintain a relatively constant temperature

Short-day plants

flower when the night is longer than a critical period

long-day plants

flower when the night is shorter than a critical period

day-structure plants

flowering is not stringy controlled by day length

xerophytes

reduced leaves, thick cuticle, deep roots

in dry environment

hydrophytes

air spaces, flexing stems, floating leaves

in Aquatic environment

halophytes

salt tolerance, salt secretion/storage

in salty environments

mesophytes

structures suited to ordinary conditions

in moderate water environments

xerophytes, hydrophytes, halophytes, and mesophytes

types of plant adaptations

morphological, physiological, and Phenological adaptations

3 Categories Of Plant adaptations

Morphological adaptation

these are the physical features or structures of the plant

physiological adaptation

these are the internal processes or functions

Phenological Adaptations

biological events

O = Organic

Topmost layer, organic material

A = Topsoil

topmost layer of the mineral soil and where most biological activity occurs

Humus

it is the organic component of soil formed by the decomposition of leaves, plant material, and animal matter

B = Subsoil

it is abundant in clay and minerals, iron and aluminum compounds, and has less organic matter

C = Substratum

it consists mainly of partially weathered parent material and is not biologically active

R = Bedrock

the solid rock beneath the soil profile, it is hard consolidated bedrock

consists of limestne, granite, and sandstone

Surface Fire

burns on or near the ground surfaces

consumes materials like dry leaves, grass, pine needles, small branches, fallen twigs, and shurbs

Ground fire

burns below the forest floor and burns slowly without large visible flames

Crown fire

burns through the crowns or upper portions of stress

Limiting factors

factors that limits the growth, survival, abundance, or distribution

Tolerance

environmental conditions that an organism can tolerate

trophic levels

the feeding position of an organism in an ecosystem

producers

1st Trophic level

primary consumers

2nd Trophic level

secondary consumer

Tertiary consumer

Quarternary consumers

5th Trophic level

food chain

sequence that shows how energy and nutrients is transferred

Pyramid of energy

shows energy flow through trophic levels

Pyramid of biomass

the total living mass at each level

energy is not created or destroyed

1st law of thermodynamics

some energy is lost as heat

2nd law of thermodynamics

biome

it is a large area on earth that has a specific climate, types of plants, and animals

tropical rainforest

it is near the equator and most biodiverse

emergent, canopy, understory, and forest floor

4 Zones in Tropical rainforest

temperate forest

the second largest Terrestrial biome, with 25% of the world’s forest area

Boreal forest

it is a large forest biome mainly found in cold, northern regions (taiga)

temperate grassland

grasses dominate the landscape and it is home to a variety of plants and animals

tropical savanna

it is a unique biome with distinct seasonal rainfall patterns

desert

it is a dry environment with little rainfall and specialized plants

phreatophyte

it is a desert plant with a long tap root which extends down to the water table

tundra

it is an extremely cold, short growing seasons and lack trees

arctic, alpine, and Antarctic tundra

3 Kinds of tundra

aquatic biome

the largest biome on earth

marine and freshwater

2 regions of Aquatic biome

interidal, neruitic, Oceanic pelagic, benthic and Abyssal zone

five zones of marine biome

lotic and lentic

Freshwater Biomes has two classifications

photic

the part of water where sunlight can reach

Aphotic

the part of water where sunlight can’t reach

forest, grassland, desert, tundra, and Aquatic biome

the 5 major types of biomes