RADT 147 Chapter 3 Exam

Alveoli function

Microscopic air sacs where primary gas exchange occurs across surrounding capillaries.

Carina significance

Bifurcation landmark of the trachea into main stem bronchi for placing devices.

Ciliary blanket function

Traps pathogens and irritants with mucus and cilia for pulmonary removal.

Phrenic nerve role

Controls the diaphragm, the primary muscle responsible for breathing.

Visceral vs. Parietal pleura

Visceral coats lung surfaces; parietal lines the internal thoracic cavity walls.

Endotracheal tube target height

Positioned 5-6 cm above the carina in the trachea.

ET tube low placement outcome

Enters right main stem bronchus, causing left lung atelectasis.

Central venous catheter tip target

Superior vena cava (SVC) leading to the right atrium.

Port-a-Cath function

Subcutaneously implanted device for long-term sterile access or high-volume contrast injections.

Pacemaker lead locations

Placed in the right ventricle and right atrium to regulate heart rhythm.

Cystic Fibrosis etiology

Genetic mutation in CFTR gene causing thick, viscous mucus production.

Hyaline Membrane Disease cause

Insufficient surfactant production in premature neonates causing alveolar collapse.

Croup characteristic symptom

Barking cough caused by viral inflammation of trachea and larynx.

Croup radiographic sign

Steeple sign indicating subglottic narrowing on AP neck radiograph.

Epiglottitis radiographic sign

Thumb sign representing an enlarged epiglottis on lateral neck X-ray.

Pneumonia primary radiographic sign

Consolidation representing increased tissue density from fluid or exudate.

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia timeline

Pneumonia acquired 2 or more days after hospital admission.

Aspiration pneumonia common region

Most commonly affects the posterior part of the lung.

Lung abscess preferred imaging

CT scan is the most sensitive and specific modality.

Primary TB imaging sign

Hilar lymphadenopathy representing enlarged lymph nodes at the lung hilum.

Active TB gold standard diagnosis

Sputum culture.

RSV chest X-ray findings

Hyperinflation and patchy atelectasis.

COVID-19 characteristic CT sign

Bilateral ground-glass opacities.

Dirty chest radiograph sign

Increased bronchovascular markings from fibrosis in COPD or asthma.

Emphysema physical features

Barrel chest, pursed-lip breathing, and reduced exercise tolerance.

Emphysema radiographic signs

Hyperinflation and flattened diaphragms.

Bronchiectasis classic sign

Signet ring sign on CT indicating dilated bronchi.

Sarcoidosis demographic and radiographic sign

Young adults presenting with bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy.

Silicosis cause

Inhalation of silicon dioxide industrial dust.

Asbestosis exposure latency

Pleural plaques and thickening develop 20-25 years post-exposure.

Anthracosis etiology

Inhalation of coal dust leading to black tissue discoloration.

Solitary pulmonary nodule benign indicator

Dense popcorn calcification seen on chest radiograph.

Bronchial adenoma association

Low-grade lung malignancy associated with Cushing syndrome.

Bronchogenic carcinoma complications

Pleural effusion and superior vena cava (SVC) compression syndrome.

Pulmonary metastasis origin

Cancer spread to lungs from primary sites such as breast cancer.

Pulmonary embolism best imaging modality

CT angiography.

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM)

Congenital abnormal opening connecting a pulmonary artery and vein.

Atelectasis radiographic appearance

Thickened parenchymal areas with absence of air lung markings.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome presentation

Stiff lung caused by capillary leakage producing diffuse infiltrates.

Foreign body aspiration presentation in children

Sudden onset of coughing and localized wheezing.

Pneumomediastinum symptoms

Retrosternal chest pain due to air in the mediastinum.

Subcutaneous emphysema physical sign

Crepitus, a crackling sensation felt during soft tissue palpation.

Pneumothorax classic X-ray findings

Absence of lung markings and a visible visceral pleural line.

Tension pneumothorax emergency impact

Air pressure accumulation causing mediastinal shift and vascular collapse.

Pleural effusion classic X-ray sign

Blunted costophrenic angles due to fluid collection.

Pleural effusion therapeutic procedure

Thoracentesis to aspirate fluid with a needle.

Empyema definition

Accumulation of pus within the pleural cavity.

Diaphragmatic paralysis diagnostic test

Fluoroscopic sniff test assessing diaphragmatic movement.

Eventration of diaphragm

Abnormal bulging or elevation of a localized part of the diaphragm.

Septic embolism etiology

Infectious emboli in bloodstream, frequently seen in IV drug users.