(biochemical pathways, cholesterol, insulin)

Glycogenesis

Glucose —> Glycogen

Glycogenolysis

Glycogen —> Glucose

Protein synthesis

Amino acids —> Proteins

Proteolysis

Proteins —> Amino acids

Lipogenesis

Fatty acids —> fat (triglyceride)

Lipolysis

Fat (triglyceride) —> fatty acids + glycerol

Glucogenesis

Amino acids —> glucose

Glucose oxidation

Glucose —> ATP, CO2, H2O

Fatty acid oxidation

Fatty acids —> ATP, CO2, H2O

Pancreas

Lies in the loop between the inferior border of the stomach and the proximal portion of the small intestine

exocrine pancreas

99% of the organs volume which contains clusters of gland cells and their attatched ducts

Pancreatic ducts

Where the alkaline, enzyme-rich fluid secretes from

endocrine pancreas

consists of small groups of cells scattered among the exocrine cells

Pancreatic islets

the small groups of cells in the endocrine pancreas

Alpha cells

Produces the hormone glucagon which raises glucose levels

Beta cells

Produces the hormone insulin which lowers the blood glucose levels

How do alpha cells raise glucose levels

Done through the breakdown of glycogen and glucose release in the liver

How do beta cells lower glucose levels

increasing the rate of glucose uptake and use by most body cells as well as increasing glycogen synthesis in the skeletal muscles and the liver

Pancreatic acini

exocrine small clusters

Delta cells

Produces a growth inhibiting hormone which suppresses the release of glucagon and insulin

Pancreatic polypeptide cells (PP cells)

inhibits gallbladder contractions and regulates the production of some pancreatic enzymes

Primary hormones responsible of the blood glucose level

insulin and glucagon

Homeostasis disturbed by increasing blood glucose levels

Beta cells in pancreatic islets secrete insulin, effecting all body cells, which respond with conversion of glucose to glycogen  as well as overall increase of glucose, restoring to decreased glucose levels

Homeostasis disturbed by decreasing blood glucose levels

Alpha cells in pancreatic islets secrete glucagon which effects the liver and the skeletal muscle, the response is a breakdown of glycogen to glucose/increased breakdown of fat to fatty acids

Diabetes mellitus

A glucose concentration high enough to overwhelm the reabsorption capabilities of the kidneys 

Hyperglecimia

Abnormally high glucose levels

Glycosuria

Glucose is appears in the urine

Polyuria

Urin volume becomes excessive

Type 1 diabetes

Inadequate insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells (5-10% population)

Type 2 diabetes

produce normal levels of insulin, but their tissues do not respond properly (insulin resistance)

diabetic retinopathy

proliferation of capillaries and hemorrhaging at the retina which can cause partial or full blindness

diabetic nephropathy

degnerative changes in the kidney

diabetic neuropathy

peripheral nerve damage caused by abnormal blood flow

Arteriosclerosis

Thickening and toughening of artery walls

Atherosclerosis

formation of lipid deposits in the arterial tunica media (caused by people who have high levels of cholesterol)

plauque

fatty mass tissue that projects into the lumen of the vessel and restricts blood flow

What type of reactions does insulin promote

Anabolic

Which type of reactions does insulin inhibit

Catabolic reactions

What is insulins overall goal to maintain homeostasis in the human body

Regulate blood glucose levels by promoting storage and use of glucose

is gluconeogenesis inhibited or stimulated by insulin

Inhibited

Is Glycogenolysis inhibited or stimulated by insulin

Inhibited

is lipolysis inhibited or stimulated by insulin

inhibited

is Glycogenesis stimulated or inhibited by insulin

Stimulated

Is lipogenesis stimulated or inhibited by insulin

Stimulated

Is protein synthesis stimulated or inhibited by insulin

stimulated

What is insulins second goal

TO promote tissue building

what is LDL

The “bad” cholesterol/ saturated fats

What is HDL

The “good” cholesterol/ unsaturated fats

What does LDL do

Carries cholesterol from the liver to the tissues

What does HDL do?

Carries cholesterol from the