unit 7 test review

Grimm Bros

were German authors known for their collection of folk and fairy tales, including classics like "Cinderella" and "Hansel and Gretel." Their work has influenced literature and popular culture worldwide.

Nationalism:

A strong sense of pride and loyalty to one's nation, often leading to the desire for national independence or the promotion of national interests over global considerations.

Giuseppe Mazzini

An Italian nationalist and political activist who played a key role in the unification of Italy. He founded the Young Italy movement, advocating for democratic and republican ideals.

Realpolitik

A pragmatic approach to politics that prioritizes practical goals and power over ideology or moral considerations, often associated with 19th-century European statecraft.

Natural Selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring, leading to evolutionary change.

Positivism

A philosophical theory that asserts that only scientific knowledge derived from empirical evidence is of real value, emphasizing observation and experience as the basis of knowledge.

Max Planck

A German physicist who is considered the father of quantum theory, introducing the concept of quantized energy levels.

Germ Theory

A scientific theory that states that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases, leading to advancements in medicine and hygiene.

Moroccan Crisis

A diplomatic dispute between Germany and France over Morocco in the early 20th century, which heightened tensions leading up to World War I.

Three Emperors

League

formed in 1873 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia to maintain peace and balance in Europe.

Impressionism

An art movement that originated in the late 19th century, characterized by small, visible brush strokes and an emphasis on capturing light and its changing qualities.

Zionism

A nationalist movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, particularly in response to anti-Semitism in Europe.

Pan Slavism

A political and cultural movement aimed at unifying Slavic peoples and promoting their interests, particularly in the context of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Russian influence.

Crimean War

A conflict from 1853 to 1856 between Russia and an alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia, primarily over territorial disputes and the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian general and nationalist, Garibaldi played a key role in the unification of Italy during the 19th century, leading military campaigns and inspiring movements for national independence.

Survival of Fittest

A concept in evolutionary biology that suggests that individuals or species that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to natural selection.

Friedrich Nietzsche

A German philosopher known for his ideas on individualism, morality, and the concept of the "will to power." Nietzsche challenged traditional values and is often associated with existentialism.

Mission Civilisatrice

The French colonial policy of bringing civilization to indigenous peoples, often used to justify imperialism and colonial expansion.

Quinine

A medication used to treat malaria, derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, and historically significant in the prevention of malaria during the colonial era.

Entente Cordiale

An agreement between Britain and France in 1904 that settled colonial disputes and improved diplomatic relations, marking a shift in European alliances.

Dual Alliance

A military alliance formed in 1879 between Germany and Austria-Hungary, aimed at countering the threat posed by Russia.

Post-Impressionism

An art movement that emerged in the late 19th century as a reaction against Impressionism, emphasizing individual expression and abstract forms.

Camillo di Cavour

An Italian statesman and a leading figure in the unification of Italy, Cavour served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia and was instrumental in diplomatic and military strategies that led to the formation of the Italian state.

Dreyfus Affair

A political scandal in France involving the wrongful conviction of Jewish army officer Alfred Dreyfus for treason, highlighting issues of anti-Semitism and injustice in the late 19th century.

Wilhelm II

The last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling from 1888 to 1918, known for his militaristic policies and role in World War I.

Bismarck’s Alliance

System

A series of treaties and agreements orchestrated by Otto von Bismarck to isolate France and maintain peace in Europe, involving major powers like Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

Social Darwinism

A social theory that applies the concept of natural selection to human society, suggesting that certain groups are naturally superior to others.

Sigmund Freud

A neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, known for his theories on the unconscious mind and the development of human personality.

Balance of Trade

The difference between a country's exports and imports of goods and services, used to measure economic health.

Berlin Conference

A meeting held in 1884-1885 where European powers divided Africa into colonial territories without considering indigenous cultures or boundaries.

Sepoy Revolt

A major uprising against British rule in India in 1857, sparked by cultural and religious insensitivity, leading to significant changes in British colonial policy.

Triple Alliance

A military alliance formed in 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, aimed at countering the influence of France and Russia in Europe.

Naturalism

A literary movement that emphasizes a realistic depiction of life, focusing on the influence of environment, heredity, and social conditions on human behavior.

Otto von Bismarck

A German statesman who unified Germany in 1871 and served as its first Chancellor, known for his realpolitik approach and the establishment of the system of alliances that shaped European politics.

Napoleon III

The Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870, he was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte and played a significant role in the Franco-Prussian War.

Charles Darwin

His theory of evolution by natural selection influenced naturalism in literature.

irrationalism

A philosophical approach that emphasizes emotion and intuition over rational thought. It often rejects the notion that reason can fully explain human behavior and experiences.

Albert Einstein

A theoretical physicist known for developing the theory of relativity, which revolutionized the understanding of space, time, and gravity.

Louis Pasteur

French microbiologist known for his discoveries in vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization. He developed the germ theory of disease, which revolutionized medicine.

Fashoda Crisis

A diplomatic conflict between France and Britain in 1898 over colonial expansion in Africa, particularly in the Sudan region. It highlighted the tensions of imperialism and nearly led to war between the two nations.

Pan German League

A nationalist organization in Germany that sought to unite all German-speaking peoples under one empire and promote German interests.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement that emerged in the late 18th century, emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature over reason and rationalism.