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Anatomy
The science of body structures and the relationships among them.
Physiology
The science of the body functions, how the body works.
Chemical Level
The most basic level of organization, consisting of atoms and molecules.
Cellular Level
The level of organization that consists of cells, the basic units of life.
Tissue Level
The level of organization comprising groups of similar cells performing a common function.
Organ Level
The level of organization made up of two or more different types of tissues that work together.
System Level
The level of organization that consists of related organs with a common function.
Organismal Level
The most complex level of structural organization; the entire living being.
Homeostasis
The condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to regulatory processes.
Feedback Systems
Systems that regulate homeostasis through monitoring and adjustment processes.
Negative Feedback
A mechanism that reverses a change in a controlled condition to maintain homeostasis.
Positive Feedback
A process that strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition.
Directional Terms
Terms used to explain the location of one body part in relation to another.
Superior
Toward the head, or upper part of a structure.
Inferior
Away from the head, or lower part of a structure.
Anterior
Nearer to or at the front of the body.
Posterior
Nearer to or at the back of the body.
Medial
Nearer to the midline of the body.
Lateral
Farther from the midline of the body.
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk.
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk.
Cranial Cavity
Formed by cranial bones and contains the brain.
Thoracic Cavity
Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities, containing various organs.
Radiograph
An image produced by X-rays; commonly known as an X-ray.
MRI
Imaging technique that uses a high-energy magnetic field to produce detailed images.
CT Scan
Computer-assisted radiography that visualizes soft tissues and organs in detail.
Ultrasound
Imaging technique using high-frequency sound waves to produce images of internal organs.
