BIO 112: Quiz 3

Drivers of Cambrian Explosion

Higher oxygen levels, Evolution of predation, Niche diversification, Hox genes

Drivers of Cambrian Explosion (Higher oxygen reasoning)

Makes aerobic respiration more efficient, gives support to larger bodies with more movement

Drivers of Cambrian Explosion (Evolution of Predation reasoning)

Ex: Newt toxicity vs Garter Snake, pressure adaptation

Drivers of Cambrian Explosion (Niche Diversification reasoning)

animals from seafloor habitats can take advantage of other depths and avoid predation

Drivers of Cambrian Explosion (Hox reasoning)

Organizes development of the body of animals, signaling where cells are in the body

Diploblastic organization

External ectoderm, internal endoderm

Triploblastic organization

Mesoderm in between external ectoderm and internal endoderm (Greater cell differentiation)

Bilateral Symetry

symetry along one plane

Cephalization

Increase in nerve tissues at head

Central Nervous System

Complex nerve tissues that controls activities in body

Ceolom

fluid cavity lined by tissue

Types of ceolom

Coelomate, aceolomate, Psuedocelomate

Ceolomate

fluid lined by ecto and endo

Aceolomate

ecto, meso, endo no fluid

Pseudocelomate

Ecto, meso, fluid, and endo

Protostome

Mouth then anus

Deuterostome

Anus then mouth

Protostome animal groups

lophotrochozoa, ecdysozoa

Deuterostome animal groups

echinodermata, chordata

5 major innovations in animlas evolutions

Bilateral symetry, triploblasty, Cephalization, Central nervous system, Ceolom

Lophotrochozoans

-Platyhelminthes (aceolomate), Mollusca, Branchiopoda, Annelida (segmentation)

Ecdysozoans

(moulting), Nematoda, Arthropoda (segmentation)

Deuterostomes (groups)

Echinodermata (radial symetry), Chordata (segmentation, notochord)

Evidence of endosymbiosis

Ribosome has its own DNA, reproduce like prokaryotes through binary fission, double membrane

-have their own ribosomes

Simple multicellularity

Adhesion, dependent on simple diffusion, ensure all cells are exposed to environment, little to no cell communic

Complex multicellularity

cell adhesion, gap junctions that depend of diffusion, cell communication/ differentiation

Prokaryotes

Cell wall and membrane, no nuclear envelope, no membrane bound organelles, reproduce by binary fission

Eukaryotes

membrane, nuclear envelope, membrane bound organelles, reproduce through mitosis

Importance of Bilateral symmetry

Efficient movement

Importance of Coelom

Space for organs to develop

Importance of triploblasty

Allows for more complex body plans

Importance of Cephalization

Development of brain, coordinated movement

Importance of Central Nervous System

Increases cell communication

What are Annelida? (2 animal)

They are segmented worms, Earthworm, and feather duster worms

What are Mollusca? (2 animal)

frilled dogwhelk, blue mussels

Plantylhelminthes (one animal)

Flatworms

Brachiopoda

like clams but shell is asymetrical

Arthropoda

Purple shore crab, Kelp crab, and Crane fly

Nematoda

nematodes

Echinodermata (3 animals)

Ochre sea star,  green sea urchin, orange sea cucumber

Chordata 

Tunicates, three-spined stickleback, Western red-backed salamander, Garter snake

Jawless fish (when evolved? examples?

540 mya Cambrian, Hagfish, Lampreys

Cartilegenous fish when evolved? example?

470 mya Ordovician, dog fish

Bony fish when evolved? example?

400 mya Devonian, three spined stickleback

Ray finned fish

common fish, array of small bones

Fleshy finned fish example

lungfish

Amphibians (transitional species? env factors that enabled transition from water to land

Tiktaalik, changing sea levels and wetlands

When did amphibians evolve? fam 55 example?

carboniferous 350 mya, red-backed salamander

When did reptiles evolve? fam 55 example

Carboniferous 310 mya, garter snake

what environmental factors pushed reptiles to have amniotic egg, scaly skin, and efficient kidneys?

less water, all these help keep water inside

How did the permian mass extinction happen? results?

volcanos erupting greenhouse gases created ocean acidification and lowered oxygen levels

knocked out 96%

how Cretaceous mass extinction happen? results?

comet hit earth and knocked out the dinosaurs

When did aves evolve? examples?

During the Jurassic northern flicker

Name 3 groups of mammals

Marsupials, Monotreme, eutherians

why does australia have so many marsupials?

When australia broke offf all lands the majority of marsupials prevents eutherians from being competition and marsupials were able to diversify

How do fungi grow?

Their hyphae branch to create a body of hyphae called mycelium

What are mycorrhizae?

single celled, chitinous walls, and spores have flagella

Ascomycota examples

lichen, precursor to LSD

Basidiomycota

artists’s fungus, psychedelic mushrooms, turkey tail

Fungi life cycle

Mycelium (n), Plasmogamy (n) Heterokaryotic stage, karyogamy (2n) fusion of nuclei, spores (n) germination.