Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Are bacteria and archaea unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular
Are plants and animals unicellular or multicellular?
multicellular
Are protists and fungi unicellular or multicellular?
both
what can happen if cell division is uncontrolled?
cancer
is cell division typically controlled or uncontrolled?
controlled
What is the key element of life important for reproduction, growth, wound healing, and replacing cells that die or are lost?
cell division
what does cell division help with?
reproduction
growth
wound healing
replacing cells
what three things do all types of cell division need?
replication of genetic material
accurate segregation of genetic material
cytokinesis to divide the cytoplasm
what is cell division responsive to?
environmental conditions
are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
prokaryotes
are plants, protists, and fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
eukaryotes
are prokaryotic cells small or large?
small
do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?
no, nucleus absent
do prokaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles?
no, they lack membrane-bound organelles
what shape are the chromosomes in prokaryotic cells?
circular
what process of cell division do prokaryotic cells do?
binary fission
are eukaryotic cells large or small?
large
do eukaryotic cells have a nucleus?
yes, nucleus present
do eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles?
yes, they have membrane bound organelles
what shape are the chromosomes in eukaryotic cells?
linear
what process of cell division do eukaryotic cells do?
mitosis/meiosis
what type of cells do binary fission?
prokaryotes
is binary fission a form of asexual or sexual reproduction?
asexual
where is genetic material during binary fission?
the nucleoid
what is the nucleoid?
a non membrane bound region of compacted DNA, contains proteins
do prokaryotes have more or less genetic material than eukaryotes?
less genetic material
how many chromosomes do prokaryotic cells usually contain?
one
how does all the dna fit into a cell?
it goes through compaction
what happens in the first level of prokaryotic DNA compaction?
the DNA loops around SMC proteins to form loop domains
what happens during the second level of prokaryotic DNA compaction?
the loop domains are further compacted into supercoils
what are the proteins that bind DNA in prokaryotes called?
SMC proteins
what is the first step in binary fission?
the cell increases in size
what is the second step in binary fission?
the circular bacterial chromosome is replicated
what is the last step In binary fission?
the two chromosomes are separated and segregated to opposite ends of the cell
where does replication of the chromosome in binary fission begin?
the origin of replication
where does replication of the chromosome in binary fission end?
the site of termination
which direction does replication proceed in binary fission?
both directions
what is septation?
dividing the cell into two
what is the role of FtsZ proteins in septation?
they form a Z-ring around the cell
what is formed as the z-ring shrinks in septation?
the septum
what are chromosomes?
large condensed molecules of DNA associated with proteins
what do chromosomes contain?
a particular set of genes
what is an uncondensed chromosome called?
chromatin
what is a centromere?
the middle of a chromosome, containing a repetitive DNA sequence
what are cohesin proteins?
they hold together sister chromatids after DNA replication
what are kinetochore proteins?
the site of microtubule/spindle attachment during cell division, on the outside of centromeres
what type of proteins are the inner part of centromeres?
cohesin proteins
what type of proteins are the outer part of centromeres?
kinetochore proteins
what are telomeres?
repetitive sequences of DNA that protect and stabilize the ends of chromosomes
what happens to telomeres when a cell divides?
they get shorter
what happens when telomeres get too short?
the cell can’t divide
what does telomerase do?
maintains telomere length
for how long does the body produce telomerase?
through embryonic development
when does telomerase reactivate?
in 90% of human cancers
about how much DNA does each human cell contain?
2 meters
what is a nucleosome?
the basic unit of chromatin,147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins
is the level of compaction consistent throughout a chromosome?
no, it varies
why is it important that the level of DNA compaction is dynamic?
it allows for gene expression
what is the name of the positively charged protein that helps bind DNA in eukaryotic compaction?
histones
what is a solenoid?
a section of tightly supercoiled DNA in between nucleosome and chromatin
what is the order of DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells from least compact to most compact?
DNA double helix, nucleosome, chromatin, solenoid, chromosome
are chromosomes more or less compacted during cell division?
more compacted
are chromosomes easier or harder to distinguish when they are compacted?
easier to distinguish
what are the five main phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, M, cytokinesis
what phases make up interphase?
G1, S, and G2
what is the period between nuclear divisions called?
interphase
what is it called when the cell is in a non-dividing state?
G0
what are the proteins that regulate the cell cycle called?
cyclins
what are cyclins?
regulatory proteins that accumulate and then dissipate within the cell in a specific pattern
without cyclins what would happen to the cell cycle?
it would stop progressing
what specific enzyme do cyclins regulate?
(cyclin dependent)kinases
what are kinases?
protein enzymes that phosphorylate other molecules
what does phosphorylate mean?
add a phosphate group to
what do phosphatases do?
dephosphorylate other molecules
what does getting phosphorylated do to a protein?
it affects the activity, either by location change or on/off switch, etc
what are the three amino acids that commonly get phosphorylated?
serine, threonine, and tyrosine
what are CDKs?
cyclin dependent kinases
are CDKs active or inactive when bound to a cyclin protein?
active
how are CDKs activated?
by being bound to a cyclin protein
do CDKs come and go throughout the cell cycle?
no, they are always there just not always active
do cyclins come and go throughout the cell cycle?
yes, they activate CDKs at certain times
what type of protein is needed to proceed through cell cycle checkpoints(CCCPS)?
cyclins
what are cell cycle checkpoints?
points at which the cell cycle can be stopped
what is the purpose of CCCPs?
they prevent cells from proceeding through the cell cycle when it’s not appropriate
whatare the three main CCCPs?
G1/S, G2/M, Spindle
what is the G1/S checkpoint committing to?
start or restriction checkpoint, the commitment to divide at all
what is the G1/S checkpoint regulated by?
cyclin/CDKs
what is the G2/M checkpoint committing to?
the commitment to proceed into mitosis or meiosis
what regulates the G2/M checkpoint?
cyclin/CDKs
what is the spindle checkpoint committing to?
commitment to proceed into anaphase
what regulates the spindle checkpoint?
anaphase promoting complex(APC)
what happens if a cell is unable to pass a CCCP?
cell division is halted and apoptosis may occur
what is needed to pass the G1/S checkpoint?
must be appropriate to divide, sufficient nutritional state of the cell, sufficient cell size, and no DNA damage
what is needed to pass the G2/M checkpoint?
all DNA must be replicated, sufficient cell size, and no DNA damage
what is needed to pass the spindle checkpoint?
chromosomes aligned properly and attached to a spindle
what are the most frequently mutated genes in all forms of cancer?
genes that control the cell cycle
what makes cancer cells difficult to treat?
they continue to divide inappropriately and accumulate mutations
what type of bond links the 5’ phosphate group to the sugar in a nucleotide?
phosphoester bond
what links nucleotides to each other?
the 3’ hydroxyl group
what type of bond is between two nucleotides?
phosphodiester bond
Note 
Flashcard (34)