HIST 102 MOORE PSA #1 Review

caliph

A spiritual leader of Islam, regarded as the successor to the Prophet Muhammad. Responsibility / role: protecting the interests of the Islamic community

millet

A separate legal court established by the Ottoman Empire for each religious community. Christians and Jews pick their own ruler and that person becomes an employee of the Ottoman sultan.

tribute

A payment (not always monetary) made periodically by one state or ruler to another, especially as a sign of dependence.

tsar

An emperor of Russia before 1917.

autocracy

A system of government in which one person has absolute power. Example: Russia before 1917.

serfdom

The status of a peasant under feudalism, specifically relating to the obligation to work on a lord's land. Example: Russian peasants tied to the land.

Pax Mongolica

The period of peace and stability across the Mongol Empire, which facilitated trade and cultural exchange.

Silk Road

An ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West.

Iberian peninsula

The southwestern region of Europe that includes Spain and Portugal.

Moors

Muslim inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

Tenochtitlan

The capital city of the Aztec Empire, present day Mexico city.

Montezuma/Moctezuma

The ninth ruler of the Aztec Empire, known for his encounter with Hernán Cortés.

Cortes

Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire.

Triangle Trade

A three-cornered system in which Africa supplied the labor, the Americas supplies land and minerals, and Europe supplied technology and military power

justification by faith

A Christian theological doctrine that asserts that faith in Jesus Christ is sufficient for salvation.

indulgences

Payments made to the Church that were believed to reduce punishment for sins.

primacy of scripture

The doctrine that the Bible is the ultimate authority in matters of faith and practice.

heliocentrism

The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun.

philosophe

An intellectual of the Enlightenment (specifically in France) who advocated for reason and reform. Examples: Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau

enlightened absolutism

Government by a ruler who accepted Enlightenment principles and used their unlimited power for the common good. Example: Catherine the Great of Russia

republic

A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.

Third Estate

The social class in France that comprised the common people, distinct from the clergy and nobility.

Jacobins

A radical political group during the French Revolution known for their role in the Reign of Terror.

conscription

Mandatory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.

terror

A state of intense fear or anxiety, often used in the context of political repression. Example: sentencing or beheading by guillotine without trial in French Revolution under Robespierre.