henry viii reveision 1

Henry's character

Deeply religious Roman Catholic. Big ego, athletic, cultured. He believed in the Divine Right of Kings.

Key parts of Henry's government

The groom of the stool headed the Privy Chamber. The Royal Council advised the King. Parliament was rarely used except for laws on tax.

Wolsey's background

Son of a butcher (called the butcher's boy by his enemies). Went to Oxford - aged 15. Church as the only way someone of low birth could get on.

Wolsey's job in 1509

Royal Almoner - gave him a seat on the Royal Council.

Wolsey's rise to power

Good education. Strong personality. Position as Royal Almoner. Organised a war with France in 1512 (his big break).

Wolsey's job in 1515

Lord Chancellor - Made him the King's Chief Minister.

Wolsey's domestic reforms (X5)

Justice (Star Chamber). Finance (Subsidy Tax). Stopping Enclosures. The Eltham Ordinances. The failed Amicable Grant.

Failure of the Amicable Grant

Wolsey failed to ask Parliament. It demanded ⅓ from priests. It demanded ⅙ from everyone else. A revolt broke out in Suffolk.

Wolsey's justice reform success

Strengthened the star chamber. Cases went from 12-120. Encouraged cases from the poor. No-one above the law.

Henry VIII and Wolsey's foreign policy aims

Success in battle - military glory. Become the peacemaker of Europe. Avoid being diplomatically isolated.

Failure of the War with France 1522-25

Gained no land despite winning! After the Battle of Pavia Charles ignored Henry and let Francis go. Cost £430,000.

Mistake of the Treaty of Westminster in 1527

Allied with France against Spain. Made Charles V an enemy. Charles controlled the Pope - meant Wolsey had no chance of getting the annulment.

Failure of the war with Spain

Henry did not send any soldiers to help Francis who was defeated by Charles V. Charles and Francis signed the Treaty of Cambrai 1529 at the end of the war. Wolsey was invited - too late to attend.

Wolsey's foreign policy successes

Treaty of London 1518 - Non-aggression pact (but only lasts 3 years). The Field of Cloth of Gold 1520 - Meets Francis (but no agreement).

Bible verse making Henry think his marriage was cursed

Leviticus - said you should not marry your brother's wife. If you do, you will have no children.

Bible verse Catherine used to defend her marriage

Deuteronomy - duty to look after your brother's wife if he dies.

Pope's prevention of the annulment

Charles V controlled the Pope. The Pope would not grant it. The Pope sent Cardinal Campeggio to delay the court proceedings. The Pope had already granted an annulment for the marriage to Catherine in the first place.

Praemunire

Treason by clergy working for the Pope and not the King. The Boleyns accused Wolsey of deliberately preventing the annulment.

Wolsey's Accusation

The Boleyns accused Wolsey of deliberately preventing the annulment.

Cromwell's Early Life

How did Cromwell's early life prepare him for service to Henry? Previous experience (languages abroad).

Cromwell's Rise to Power

Give 3 reasons Cromwell rose to power.

Cromwell's Appointment in 1531

What was Cromwell appointed to in 1531? The Act of Restraint of Appeals 1533.

Act Stating Britain as an Empire

What act stated Britain was an Empire so not subject to the rule of the Pope?

Henry VIII's Execution of Anne Boleyn

Why did Henry VIII execute Anne Boleyn on 19 May 1536? She had not given him a son.

Cromwell's Torture of Mark Smeaton

Who did Cromwell torture in order to prove that Anne was having an affair?

Henry's Desire to Marry Jane Seymour

Why did Henry want to marry Jane Seymour? To have a son.

Cromwell's Government Reforms

Why did Cromwell reform the government? What were his solutions?

Privy Council

What was the simpler version of the Royal Council formed by Cromwell?

Court of Augmentations

Court of Augmentations - dealt with property and income from the Church.

Finance Departments Set Up by Cromwell

Which two finance departments were set up by Cromwell to organise the King's Chamber?

Statute Law Passed Under Cromwell

1509 -1531 = 203 acts. 1532- 1540 = 333 acts.

Cromwell's Role in Parliament

How did Cromwell ensure that Parliament did what the King wanted?

Henry VIII's Opinion on Anne of Cleves

Who did Henry call the Flanders' Mare? 'I like her not'.

Cromwell's Motivation for Henry's Marriage to Anne of Cleves

Why did Cromwell want Henry VIII to marry Anne of Cleves? Potential Spanish invasion.

Cromwell's Promotion Before Downfall

Which promotion did Cromwell gain just before his downfall? Earl of Essex in 1540.

Reasons for Cromwell's Downfall

What are the reasons for Cromwell's downfall? The failed marriage to Anne of Cleves.

Duke of Norfolk's Role

Who was the powerful noble who was instrumental in the downfall of both Wolsey and Cromwell?

Cromwell's Closure of Thetford Abbey

What monastery did Cromwell close down causing The Duke of Norfolk to dig up his ancestors?

Act of Attainder

Which act of Parliament condemned Cromwell to death?