Chapter 9: The Confederation and the Constitution (in progress)

D: This is gonna take so long... but back on the grind!

Approx. Eighty thousand of THESE PEOPLE fled America during the revolutionary war

Loyalists

A newspaper from THIS CITY in 1783 urged readers to don home-stiched garments of homespun cloth

Philadelphia

According to THIS THEORY, the sovereignty of the new states would rest on authority of the people

Republicanism

THIS GROUP/SERIES OF LEGISLATIVE BODIES called upon the colonies to draft new constitution in 1776

Continental Congress

THIS STATE is said to have the longest-lived constitution in the world. It called a special convention to draft its constitution and submitted the final draft to the people for ratification, which was adopted in 1780. A decade later, this procedure was imitated in the drafting and ratification of the federal constitution.

Massachusetts

In the British tradition, THIS WORD did not refer to a written document, but an accumulation of laws, customs, and precedents. Americans did something different by drafting contracts that defined the powers of government by drawing authority from the people.

Constitution

As written documents the state constitutions were intended to represent THIS, which was superior to the transient whims of ordinary legislation

Fundamental Law

These were in state constitutions and helped specifically guarantee long-prized liberties against later legislative encroachment

Bill of Rights

Most of these state constitutions required the annual election of THESE PEOPLE, which forced them to stay in touch with the mood of the public

Legislators

THIS BRANCH of the state governments, presumably the most democratic, were given sweeping powers. Thomas Jefferson warned about oppression through this branch.

Legislature

NAME of THE LOYALIST whose huge estate in New York was sliced into 250 parcels, accelerating the spread of economic democracy

Roger Morris

THESE gave a sharp stimulus to manufacturing and later the war itself, meaning goods that had formerly been imported from Britain were mostly cut off

Prewar Nonimportation Agreements

NAME of the area south of Philadelphia that was turning the water wheels of numerous mills along an eight-mile stretch a decade after the Rev. war.

Brandywine Creek

THESE BRITISH LAWS in some respects were more disagreeable after independence than before, with much British commerce reserved for loyal parts of the empire

British Navigation Laws

In 1784, THIS AMERICAN MERCHANT SHIP carried a valuable weed prized by Chinese herb doctors into the East Asian marketplaces

Empress of China

Name of the valuable weed carried by the Empress of China that was highly prized by Chinese herb doctors

Ginseng

The valuable weed carried by Empress of China was prized by Chinese herb doctors because it was a cure for THIS MEDICAL CONDITION

Impotence

Name of the artist who documents physical likenesses, clothing styles, and other material possession typical of an era. He painted a picture featuring his family, with light centering on his wife on page 162.

John Singleton Copley

According to the book, THIS FAMOUS POLITICIAN was shocked when gleefully told by a horse-jockey neighbor that the courts of justice were all closed

John Adams

NAME of one of the American entrepreneurs who prospered in the China trade in the nineteenth century, who was an ancestor of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Warren Delano

THIS STATE’S LEGISLATURE ratified separately the treaty of alliance of 1778 with France

Virginia

Congress appointed a committee to draft a written constitution for the new nation shortly before declaring independence in 1776. Give the name of the final product. (Question was worded weirdly on purpose)

Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation was translated into French AFTER THIS BATTLE to convince France that America had a genuine government in the making.

Battle of Saratoga

The Articles were not ratified by all thirteen states until 1781, less than eight months before the victory at THIS AREA.

Yorktown

Six states, including Pennsylvania and Maryland, had no holdings beyond THIS NATURAL BARRIER/LANDFORM.

Allegheny Mountains

THIS STATE was the last to approve the Articles of Confederation, only giving in when New York surrendered its western acreage and Virginia seemed about to do so.

Maryland

Congress pledged itself to dispose of the vast western claims for the “common benefit.” It further agreed to carve from the new public domain a number of
“republican” states, which in time would be admitted to the Union on terms of complete equality with all the others. Give the name of what this pledge became in 1787.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

NAME of the area that was the “chief apple of discord” among the states (has to do with land, as usual, and the name is not very specific).

Western Lands

NAME of ruler of England during the revolution, and indirectly because of him there was no executive branch (Congress was chief agency of government)

George III

According to the Articles, each state had a single vote in Congress. All bills dealing with subject of importance required the support of nine states. WHAT required unanimous ratification from the states.

Amendments

NAME of the building that was a meeting place for the Pennsylvania colonial assembly, where Washington was given command of the Continental Army, the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Constitution was “hammered out.“

Independence Hall

In 1783, a group of mutinous Pennsylvania soldiers whose pay was in arrears marched to Philadelphia, and made a threatening demonstration in front of Independence Hall. After Congress appealed to the state for protection, members fled to safety to THIS INSTITUTION in New Jersey. Give the name of this place.

Princeton College

THIS POLITICIAN enthusiastically hailed the Articles of Confederation as the best one “existing or that ever did exist.”

Thomas Jefferson

NAME of group that comprised of the thirteen states without constitutional authority and was the de facto government for the colonies during the Rev. war. Generally did what it dared to do only, but asserted some control over military affairs and foreign policy.

Second Continental Congress

NAME of area of land that lay northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. Congress during the Confederation passed far sighted pieces of legislation in relation to this immense part of the public domain recently acquired from the states.

Old Northwest

THIS LAW in 1785 provided that the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and that the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt.

Land Ordinance of 1785

The orderly settlement of the Northwest Territory, where the land was methodically surveyed and titles duly recorded, contrasted sharply with the chaos south of THIS RIVER, where uncertain ownership was the norm and fraud was rampant.

Ohio River

Related to the governing of the Old Northwest, THIS LAW came to grips with the problem of how a nation should deal with its colonies. It required that a territory could boast sixty thousand inhabitants to be admitted as a state by Congress, and forbade slavery in the Old Northwest.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Britain declined to repeal the Navigation Laws despite the colonists’ independence, with THIS BRITISH NOBLE arguing in his pamphlet that Britain would win back America’s trade anyhow.

Lord Sheffield

The British officially closed the trade of THIS PRESENT DAY COUNTRY to the United States, though Americans illegally partook nonetheless through smuggling.

West Indies

NAME of the disgruntled brothers in Vermont that the British contacted and tried to use to annex that rebellious area to Britian.

Allen Brothers

NAME of country that was enemies with Britain but was openly unfriendly to America and played a part in preventing the new republic from exercising effective control over about half of its total territory

Spain

NAME of the river that Spain controlled the mouth of, which the pioneers of Tennessee and Kentucky were forced to float their produce

Mississippi

Spain held an important fort on this area on disputed soil.

Natchez

Spain claimed a large area North of THIS BODY OF WATER, including a part of West Florida, granted to the US by the British in 1783.

Gulf of Mexico

France demanded the repayment of money loaned during the war and restricted trade with multiple ports, including a bustling one in THIS PRESENT DAY COUNTRY.

West Indies

Pirates from THIS AREA were ravaging America’s Mediterranean commerce and enslaving Yankee sailors, who were not protected anymore by British protection papers.

North Africa

NAME for secretary for foreign affairs, who hoped that the humiliations (like the pirates) would lead to the framing of a new government at home that would be strong enough to command respect abroad.

John Jay

Much of Florida remained in Spanish hands until THIS TREATY in 1819

Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819

Name of an infamous arrogant pirate among the North African pirates that ravaged American commerce in the Mediterranean. Due to him and other pirates, the Founding Fathers realized the need for centralized authority in foreign policymaking.

Dey of Algiers

A name given to the depreciated paper currency that a number of states started to grind out in the mid 1780s

“rag money”

NAME for the violent uprising in Western Massachusetts comprised of impoverished backcountry farmers who lost their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies. They demanded that the state issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property takeovers.

Shays rebellion

NAME OF THE LEADER of the violent uprising in Western Massachusetts comprised of impoverished backcountry farmers who lost their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies. He also was a veteran of the Revolutionary War.

Daniel Shays

NAME of city in MA where three Shaysites were killed and one was wounded.

Springfield

NAME OF POLITICIAN who wrote “An elective despotism was not the government we fought for” and feared “democratic despotism” (which was said in relation to the Massachusetts legislature passing debtor-relief laws that Shays wanted)

Thomas Jefferson

NAME for the CITY AND STATE where Virginia called for a convention in response to the problem of regulating commerce. Nine states appointed delegates but only five were represented.

Annapolis, Maryland

NAME of the CHARISMATIC 31-YEAR OLD NEW YORKER who engineered the adoption of his report, which called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year to bolster the entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation rather than just deal with commerce.

Alexander Hamilton

NAME of the STATE that did not choose representatives for the Constitutional Convention at Independence Hall

Rhode Island

FAMOUS NICKNAME for Rhode Island during colonial times and early America for its rebellious nature

Rogues’ Island

Representatives to the Constitution Convention were chosen by state legislatures. Members of the state legislatures were elected by voters who qualified as THESE TYPES OF PEOPLE (sorry another weirdly worded one)

Property holders

Jefferson called the participants at the Constitution Convention “demigods“ due to their extremely high caliber in society. Most of them participated in constitution making in their own states, and most of them also had THIS JOB.

Lawyer

NAME of the tall guy with enormous prestige who was UNANIMOUSLY elected as chairman, a nickname being “Sword of the Revolution.” His prestige served to quiet overheated tempers.

George Washington

NAME of the 81 year old delegate who added urbanity as an elder statesman, though he was inclined to be indiscreetly talkative in his declining years.

George Washington

Known as “Father of the Constitution,” a then 36 year old profound student of government who made notable contributions to the Constitution.

James Madison

NAME of the then 32 year old delegate that was an advocate of a super-powerful central government. He gave a five hour speech in behalf of his plan.

Alexander Hamilton

NAME of fiery revolutionary leader of 1776 who was an ardent champion of states’ rights, chosen as a delegate from Virginia, but declined to serve, declaring that he “smelled a rat.“

Patrick Henry

A rising sun symbol adorned the chair of THIS DELEGATE at the Constitution Convention

George Washington

Delegates were determined to preserve the union, forestall anarchy, and ensure security of life and property against dangerous uprisings by the people, referred to with THIS PEJORATIVE TERM (in the textbook)

Mobocracy

Known as “the large-state plan” to some, proposed that representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress should be based on population-which would naturally give big states an advantage.

Virginia Plan

Known as “the small-state plan,” provided for equal representation in a unicameral Congress by states, regardless of size and population, as under the existing Articles of Confederation. Proposed out of fear that larger states would have too much power from the Virginia Plan

New Jersey Plan

NAME of founding father who proposed that the daily sessions at the Constitution Convention should be opened with a prayer by a local clergyman due to angry debate and deadlock.

Benjamin Franklin

NAME of the proposal that said larger states were conceded representation by population in the House of Representatives and the smaller states were appeased by equal representation in the Senate (with each state getting 2 senators). This helped break the deadlock over representation and a major step in the Constitutional Convention.

Great Compromise

NAME of the Anglo-American legal tradition which made it unnecessary for the Constitution to be specific about every conceivable detail (a reason why the final Constitution was short).

Common Law

NAME of the legal tradition in which constitutions took the form of elaborate legal codes and were often strikingly lengthy.

Civil Law

THIS COUNTRY’S CONSTITUTION followed the civil law tradition when it came into force in 1950, containing almost four hundred articles and running to nearly two hundred pages.

India

NAME of the position in the new Constitution that had broad authority to make appointments to domestic offices, veto power over legislation, and the power to wage war.

President

What CRUCIAL POWER does Congress retain regarding war that has invited conflict between president and Congress ever since the making of the Constitution?

Declare war

A key compromise was electing the president indirectly by THIS PROCESS instead of by direct means. While large states would have the advantage in the first round of popular voting, as they would have more electors based on the total senators and representatives in Congress, the small states would gain a larger voice if no candidate got a majority of electoral votes and the election was thrown the the House of Representatives.

Electoral College

NAME of the proposal that dealt with representation of slaves in states’ populations, which decided that a slave would be counted as three-fifths as a person

Three-fifths compromise

While the South wanted representation of slaves in population to benefit themselves in the House of Representatives, the North replied “No,” arguing that slaves were not citizens, and that they might as well demand additional representation on THESE ANIMALS. Give the name of THESE ANIMALS

Horses

Most states wanted the slave trade shut down, and the convention stipulated that Americans could import slaves until the end of 1807, in which Congress would have the authority to shut the slave trade down. Meanwhile, all the new state constitutions forbade overseas slave trade EXCEPT FOR THIS STATE”S. Give the name of THIS STATE.

Georgia

Name for how power was divided between the three branches of government (which critics called the “triple headed monster”) to ensure it was stronger while not giving each branch too much power

Checks and Balances

Senators were to be chosen indirectly by THESE GROUPS OF PEOPLE

State legislatures

THIS SECTION of the branches of government were the only ones permitted to choose their officials by direct vote

House of Representatives

Famous phrase that was a ringing affirmation of the republican doctrines that the new charter stood on

“We the People”

Three of the forty-two delegates who remained to sign the Constitution refused to do so, returning to their states. The remainder adjourned to THIS PLACE, celebrating the occasion.

City Tavern

The delegates stipulated that THIS NUMBER OF STATES were required to register their approval through specially elected conventions for the Constitution to become the supreme law of the land in those states.

Nine states

NAME of the group that opposed a stronger federal government and the constitution, with prominent leaders being Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee. Their followers were primarily states’ rights devotees, backcountry dwellers, and generally those of the poorest classes.

Anti-Federalists

NAME of the group who favored stronger federal government, supported by George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. Most of them lived in the settled areas on the seaboard, and were more wealthy and better educated than their opposition. They also controlled the press.

Federalists

The Antifederalists voiced numerous vehement objections to the Constitution, including the dropping of annual elections for THESE OFFICES.

Congressional Representatives

Give the NAME of the federal stronghold ten miles square, another reason why the Antifederalists were against the Constitution.

District of Columbia