Blood Physiology, Components, and Hematological Disorders

Vocabulary flashcards covering blood components, complete blood count ranges, leukocyte differential values, anemia classifications, and ABO/Rh blood grouping systems.

Whole Blood pH

The normal pH range of whole blood, which is strictly maintained between $7.35$ and $7.45$.

Plasma

The fluid portion of whole blood comprising $55\%$ of total blood volume, composed of $91\%$ water, $7\%$ proteins, and $2\%$ other solutes.

Formed Elements

The cellular and solid components of blood comprising $45\%$ of total blood volume, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Centrifuged Sample of Blood

A sample of whole blood separated into plasma ($55\%$), formed elements ($45\%$), and a middle buffy coat containing leukocytes and platelets.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, with normal counts ranging from $4.2\text{ million}$ to $6.2\text{ million}$ per $\text{mm}^3$.

Leukocytes

White blood cells that function as part of the immune system, with a normal range of $5,000$ to $11,000$ per $\text{mm}^3$.

Platelets

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting, with normal count ranges of $150,000$ to $450,000$ per $\text{mm}^3$.

Albumins

The most abundant plasma proteins, representing $57\%$ of all plasma proteins.

Globulins

Plasma proteins that make up $38\%$ of total plasma protein volume.

Fibrinogen

A clotting-related plasma protein that constitutes $4\%$ of total plasma proteins.

Prothrombin

A plasma protein involved in blood clotting that accounts for $1\%$ of total plasma proteins.

Differential Count

A clinical measure of the percentage of each type of circulating leukocyte used to detect changes caused by infection, inflammation, or allergic reactions.

Neutrophils

The most abundant leukocytes in circulating blood, accounting for $60\%$ to $70\%$ of all white blood cells.

Lymphocytes

Leukocytes that make up $20\%$ to $25\%$ of circulating white blood cells.

Monocytes

Leukocytes that make up $3\%$ to $8\%$ of total circulating white blood cells.

Eosinophils

Leukocytes that make up $2\%$ to $4\%$ of total circulating white blood cells.

Basophils

The least common circulating white blood cells, representing $0.5\%$ to $1\%$ of leukocytes.

Hematocrit

The percentage of red blood cells in centrifuged whole blood, normally $39\%-49\%$ for males and $35\%-45\%$ for females.

Hemoglobin Level

The mass concentration of hemoglobin per volume of whole blood, normally $12-16\,\text{g/dl}$ for females and $14-18\,\text{g/dl}$ for males.

Anemia

A condition characterized by low numbers or abnormal RBCs, or low/defective hemoglobin (below $9\,\text{g}/100\,\text{mL}$), causing reduced tissue oxygen levels.

Hemorrhagic Anemia

Anemia resulting from blood loss, categorized as acute (immediate loss from surgery or trauma) or chronic (gradual loss over time from ulcers or cancer).

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Anemia caused by a deficiency or inability to absorb iron required for hemoglobin synthesis, characterized by microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells.

Hemolytic Anemia

Anemia caused by a decreased RBC lifespan or increased RBC destruction, leading to symptoms like jaundice, swollen spleen, and gallstones.

Sickle Cell Anemia

A genetic disease resulting in abnormal hemoglobin ($\text{HbS}$) that causes fragile, sickle-shaped RBCs when oxygen levels decrease.

Agglutinogens

Cell surface proteins (antigens) on red blood cells that identify them to the immune system and can potentially cause cell clumping (agglutination).

Type A Blood

Blood type defined by red blood cells displaying surface antigen A and plasma containing anti-B antibodies.

Type B Blood

Blood type defined by red blood cells displaying surface antigen B and plasma containing anti-A antibodies.

Type AB Blood

Blood type defined by red blood cells displaying both surface antigens A and B, with plasma containing neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.

Type O Blood

Blood type defined by red blood cells displaying neither surface antigen A nor B, with plasma containing both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

ABO Blood Type System

A genetically determined system categorizing blood into types A, B, AB, and O based on the presence or absence of RBC surface antigens A and B.

Rh Factor (D Antigen)

A specific RBC surface antigen separate from the ABO system; anti-Rh antibodies are present in plasma only after an Rh-negative person becomes sensitized.

Blood Type Test

A laboratory procedure testing blood samples against Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-D antibodies to observe agglutination patterns and determine blood type.

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by Rh factor incompatibility between an Rh-negative mother and an Rh-positive fetus during a subsequent pregnancy.

RhoGAM

A monoclonal antibody administered to Rh-negative mothers to prevent maternal sensitization against fetal Rh-positive red blood cells.

What type of leukocyte is presented ?

eosinophils

What type of leukocyte is presented ?

Neutrophil

What type of leukocyte is presented ?

Basophil

What type of leukocyte is presented ?

Monocytes

What type of leukocyte is presented ?

Lymphocyte