Unit 2: Population, Demographics, and Migration

Demography

study of population changes

RNI

how quickly a population is growing or declining
(birth rate - death rate) / 10

Negative RNI

the rate of natural increase when death rates exceed birth rates

CBR

number of babies born alive for every 1000 people in a 12-month calendar year
(# of births per year / total population) * 1000
crude birth rate; natality

Infant mortality

deaths of children up to one year of age

Emigration

people leaving their home country and immigrating to another

Immigration

host nations receive foreigners into their countries

CDR

(# of deaths per year / total population) * 1000

Demographic equation

calculates changes in population, taking into account birth, death, immigration, and emigration rates

Migration

movement of people from one place to another

Negative net migration

occurs when many are emigrating while not receiving any immigrants

TFR

average number of children born to a birthgiver (age 15-45) in a lifetime

DTM

used to describe or represent population changes over time

DTM Stage One

hunter-gatherer societies without large-scale settled agriculture

DTM Stage Two

settled agriculture with seasonal harvests and raising domesticated livestock

DTM Stage Three

mass production and labor mechanization replace farms and artisanship as main enterprises

DTM Stage Four

societies in post-industrial phase where service industry is the economic backbone

S-shaped Curve

shape of the DTM’s population line

ETM

epidemiological transition model

Carrying Capacity

the maximum number of people who can be sustained by the geography of an area

Hunter gatherers

people who forage or hunt food from their environment

Kinship Band

a group of 20-40 people who were related by blood or marital relations that lived together as a small social unit

Subsistence farming

the practice of cultivating just enough crops to feed a small number of people

Industrial Revolution

a period of rapid industrial development in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries starting in Great Britain

Joseph Bazalgette

English engineer responsible for London’s sewage tunnels

Otto von Bismarck

German chancellor who developed the first comprehensive system of social insurance

One Child Policy

Chinese policy forbidding families from having more than one child

Gender Imbalance

imbalance between the number of males to females in a population

Zero population growth

the population remains the same due to an equal birth rate and crude death rate

Thomas Malthus

18th century clergyman who argued societies could not produce enough food for the expanding population

J-curve

describing the exponential growth of the population proportionate to food production

Neo Malthusians

people who believe in Malthus’s food shortage scenario

Population pyramids

illustrations of population compositions

Population pyramid - extended triangle

countries with a high birth rate and lower life expectancies, often developing countries

Population pyramid - inverted triangle

countries with an aging population and low birth rate

Population pyramid - rectangular formation

countries with a more consistent population growth

Arithmetic density

number of persons per sq unit of land in a region

Arable land

land that is able to be farmed

Population center

point that contains many people

Centroid

physical geographic center

Ecumene

livable space occupied by humans on Earth

Core-periphery

A central region in an economy, with good communications and high population density contrasting with the periphery (outlying regions with poor communications and sparse population)