quiz 3 endocrine and urinary

What is the function of the urinary system?

Primary method for the body to remove (eliminate) harmful metabolic waste products from the blood (filters blood)

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

What do nephrons do?

Makes urine

List the parts of the nephron

Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Purpose of the renal corpuscle

Filtration (starts here)

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule (capsule surrounds the glomerulus)

When is fluid considered urine?

After it has passed the collecting duct

Main components of the urinary system are?

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra

Kidneys

Produce urine. Dorsally located in abdomen just ventral to the most cranial lumbar vertebrae. Bean shaped

Ureters

Transports urine to the bladder. Muscular tubes move urine by smooth muscle contractions

Bladder

Muscular sac that stores urine and periodically released it to outside via urethra in a process called urination. Backflow prevented by valves

Urethra

Releases urine

What does the urethra look like in females?

Short, straight, wide (more likely to get infected/UTI). Strictly urinary function

What does the urethra look like in males?

Long, curved, narrow (more likely to become blocked). Has urinary and reproductive functions

Explain urination

Kidneys constantly produce urine — stored in bladder — as it fills the bladder stretches and receptors are triggered at a certain volume — spinal reflex stimulates the bladder to contract — the urinary sphincter is under voluntary control

Explain some issues of peeing

Lack of control = incontinence (this can be nervous or muscular). More common in older female dogs (especially dogs who have had litters). Stress induced (submissive, fearful, excited)

Explain some issues of not peeing

Path is blocked; usually crystals or stones. Cats can’t pee = FLUTD (common for owners to mistake for constipation). Dogs can’t pee = usually a stone

Name the area of the kidney where vessels enter, what exits this area?

Hilus. Renal artery = enters the blood, renal vein/nerves/ureter = exits the urine

What gland is associated with the kidney?

Adrenal gland (cortex and medulla)

What terms do the adrenal gland and the kidney share?

Blood pressure and electrolytes/water balance regulation

What creates the urge to urinate?

When the bladder fills and stretches to a certain volume, receptors are triggered. Spinal reflex stimulates the bladder to contract, urinary sphincter relaxes and releases urine

What type of muscle makes up the bladder?

Smooth muscle

In the urinary system what comes in pairs?

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 2 adrenal glands, renal arteries/veins

In the urinary system what comes in singles?

1 bladder, 1 urethra

What is formed in the collecting duct?

Urine

List 2 functional issues of the urinary system

Lack of control — incontinence (nervous or muscle)

Path is blocked — crystals or stones. Cats = FLUTD, dogs = stones

Polyuria

Too much urine

Oliguria

Low urine output

Anuria

Lack of urine production

Stranguria

Slow, intermittent and difficult urination

Dysuria

Painful urination

Bacteriuria

Presence of bacteria in the urine

Glucosuria

Presence of excess glucose in the urine

Proteinuria

Presence of abnormal quantities of protein in the urine

Hematuria

Presence of blood in the urine

What might sweet smelling urine indicate?

Diabetes

What might fishy smelling urine indicate?

Infection

What might metallic smelling urine indicate?

Blood

What might transparent/clear urine indicate?

Overhydration, diseases related to kidney or liver

What might pale yellow urine indicate?

Normal/healthy

What might red or pink urine indicate?

Renal problems, inflammation, diet

What might orange urine indicate?

Jaundice, liver or pancreas issues, medication

What might blue or green urine indicate?

Kidney issues, diet

What might brown or black urine indicate?

Toxins, inflammation, internal bleeding (ex; HBC)

What might dark yellow/orange urine indicate?

Dehydration, renal issues, liver failure

Define the endocrine system

Consists of glands in various parts of the body that secrete minute amounts of chemical substances called hormones directly into the bloodstream (circulatory system) — the hormones bind to their respective target cells causing changes in the activity of those cells (ripple effect)

Define hormone

A protein or steroidal substance. Effect a change when attached to its target cells

Define target cell

Possess receptors for specific hormones. Activated when hormone attaches (waiting for hormone “key”/“clue”)

How many glands are found in the brain?

3

Name the glands found in the brain

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary

What 2 glands work together as the main controllers?

Hypothalamus and pituitary

Name the hormones

FSH (follicle stimulating), LH (luteinizing), Prolactin, GH (growth), TSH (thyroid stimulating), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic), Oxytocin, ADH (antidiuretic), T4 (thyroxin), Calcitonin)

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

Stimulates production of; follicles in the ovaries, spermatozoa in testes

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

Promotes; ovulation of mature follicle and conversion to corpus luteum, production of testosterone in testes

Prolactin

Initiates milk production/secretion in the mammary glands

GH (Growth Hormone)

Stimulates growth in young animals

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

Stimulates thyroid to produce and release hormones

ACTH (AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone)

Stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce and release its hormones

What glands are in the neck?

Thyroid glands — 2 lobes either side of the larynx

Oxytocin

Promotes uterine contractions and milk let-down (can cause cramps/period if absorbed transdermally)

ADH (AntiDiuretic Hormone)

Causes kidneys to conserve water thus concentrating urine (distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct)

What 2 hormones are produced in the neck?

Thyroxin (T4), calcitonin

T4 (Thyroxin)

Growth and metabolism

Calcitonin

Removes calcium if blood levels too high (“tones” it down)

What hormones are associated with the adrenal gland and where does each come from?

Adrenal cortex (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids)

Adrenal medulla (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

Glucocorticoids

Increase blood glucose levels, decrease inflammation, metabolites fats/proteins/carbs

Mineralocorticoids

Mainly promote water and sodium retention via the kieneys — aldosterone; eliminates potassium to keep at safe levels

Adrenal medulla

Fight or flight. Epinephrine and norepinephrine. Controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

What gland has exocrine and endocrine functions? What does it secrete?

Pancreas

Exocrine = secretes enzymes into duodenum (amylase, lipase, trypsin)

Endocrine = secretes hormones — islets of Langerhans (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin)

What hormones affect the amount of sugar in the body?

Insulin (prevents high blood glucose), glucagon (increases blood glucose)

Somatostatin

Inhibits both insulin and glucagon, diminishes GI activity

Which gland is responsible for storage? What does it store? Which gland produces the hormone(s) it stores?

Posterior Pituitary Gland stores hormones produced by the Hypothalamus (ADH and Oxytocin)

Parathyroid gland

Small nodules. In/on/near the thyroid. Produce parathormone (regulates blood calcium — secreted when blood calcium is too low). Opposite of calcitonin

Adrenal gland — cortex

Outer — corticoids

Adrenal gland — medulla

Inner — epinephrine and norepinephrine

What is the pancreas?

Accessory digestive organ — found in the first loop of small intestine

Exocrine function

Secretes enzymes into duodenum (amylase, lipase, trypsin)

Endocrine function

Islets of Langerhans

3 hormones of the islets of Langerhans?

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

What is the largest gland in the body?

Liver

What is the liver a part of?

The endocrine system and digestive system

What does the liver do?

Produces, secretes and metabolizes hormones

Liver endocrine involvement

Metabolism (insulin, glucagon) and activation (T4 to T3)

Male

Testes, leydig cells (testosterone), sertoli cells (estrogen — very small amounts). Hormones consistent levels throughout the year

Testosterone

Develop male characteristics, muscle growth, bone density, energy, sex drive

Female

Ovaries, estrogen/progesterone, cyclical levels (linked to follicles and lutea), FSH (follicles develop in ovaries and release estrogen = heat/estrus), LH (follicles rupture release ovum and empty follicle becomes corpus luteum which releases progesterone to maintain a pregnancy but if no pregnancy then luteum regresses)