BIO-209 chapter 7

Food security is?

unevenly distributed 

Food production has outpaced?

population growth. 

Average population growth in the past 50 years = ____ per year, food production increase = ___ per year. 

1.7% , 2.2%

Food availability has?

increased in most countries

Malnourishment has decreased, but uneven food distribution?

remains a problem. 

Hunger around the world has _____ been eliminated. 

NOT

Food security is?

the ability to obtain sufficient, healthy food on a day to day basis

Food security is a combined problem of?

economic, environmental, and social conditions. 

Even in wealthy countries such as the United States, millions lack a?

sufficient health diet. 

In the poorest countries, natural disasters and political instability can cause?

food insecurity. 

At least 6 million children under 5 years old die every year of diseases exacerbated by?

hunger and malnutrition. 

Famines usually have?

political and social roots. 

Globally, widespread hunger arises when?

political instability, war, and conflict displace populations, removing villagers from their farms or making farming too dangerous to carry on. 

Famines are?

large-scale food shortages, with widespread starvation, social disruption, and economic chaos.

Even when better conditions return, it often takes a long time to recover because?

the people may have consumed their seed grain and breeding livestock. 

A good diet is essential to?

keep you healthy. 

You need the right nutrients, as well as enough calories for?

a productive and energetic lifestyle. 

The United Nations food and agriculture organization (FAO) estimates that nearly 3 billion people suffer from?

vitamin, mineral, or protein deficiencies. 

Dietary deficiencies can cause?

serious illnesses. 

Malnourishment is?

nutritional imbalances caused by a lack of specific nutrients. 

Lack of proteins in young children can cause?

kwashiorkor and marasmus, which occurs when both protein and calories are lacking. 

Iodine deficiencies can cause?

goiters. 

Today there are now more overweight people than?

underweight people

In the U.S. and increasingly in Europe, China, and developing countries, highly processed foods rich in sugars and fats have become?

a large part of the diet. 

Heart attack, stroke, and diabetes are becoming?

more prevalent everywhere. 

Some 64% of adult Americans are?

overweight

About 33% of adult Americans are?

obese. 

What is a growing problem worldwide?

Chronic obesity

An overabundance of food supplies in much of the world suggests that?

answers to global hunger may lie in better use and distribution of food resources. 

Even in developing areas, lack of food production is not always?

the cause of hunger. 

Global food waste accounts for?

30% of all food production, 1.3 tons annually.

Biofuels have boosted?

commodity prices. 

Policies in the U.S. and Europe promoting biofuels made from crops such as soy, corn, palm oil, or sugar cane led to?

global increased production of these crops. 

In the U.S., federal ethanol subsidies led to?

a doubling of corn prices in 2007. 

In developing countries, production of soy, palm oil, and other products for export often?

displaces food production and increases food costs for the poor. 

Only a few plant and animal species provide?

most of our food. 

In the U.S. corn and soybeans have become our?

primary staple foods. 

Wheat and rice are also important to?

many countries. 

Rising meat production is a sign of?

wealth. 

Meat consumption has grown in both?

developed and developing countries. 

Meat is a concentrated, high-value source of?

protein, iron, fats, and other nutrients. 

Meat is a good indicator of wealth because?

it is expensive to produce in terms of resources needed. 

Meat and dairy consumption has quadrupled in the last?

40 years.

1kg of grain is required to produce a?

loaf of bread

 

1.5kg of grain is required to produce?

fish

2kg of grain is required to produce?

chicken

3kg of grain is required to produce?

pig.

8kg of grain is required to produce?

a cow. 

CAFO increases?

production

Technological and breeding innovations have?

made increased production possible. 

One of the most important innovations is?

the confined animal feeding operation (CAFO). 

With the CAFO Animals are?

housed and fed mainly soy and corn for rapid growth. 

In the CAFO animals are housed in?

giant enclosures with thousands of other animals. 

Seafood both wild and farmed depends on?

wild source inputs. 

Seafood is the main animal protein source for about?

1 billion people in developing countries. 

Recently,13 of the 17 major marine fisheries have?

declined dramatically or become commercially unsustainable.

Aquaculture is providing an increasing share of?

the world’s seafood.

Fish farms produce much of our?

seafood. 

Biohazards arise in?

industrial production. 

Bacteria in the manure in the feedlots, or liquid wastes in manure storage lagoons around hog farms, can escape into?

the environment.

Constant use of antibiotics may be producing?

antibiotic-resistant diseases

Carefully managed soil is a?

renewable resource. 

Building a few mm of soil can take anything from?

a few years to a few thousand years. 

With careful husbandry that prevents erosion and adds organic material, soil can be?

replenished and renewed indefinitely.

Soil is a complex mixture of six components:

sand and gravel, silts and clays, dead organic material, soil fauna and flora, Water, air

Healthy soil fauna can determine?

soil fertility. 

Your food comes mostly from?

the A horizon. 

Ideal farming soils have?

a thick, organic-rich A horizon

The soils that support the corn belt farm states of the U.S. The Midwest has a?

rich, black A horizon that can be over two meters thick. A century of farming has washed much of this soil down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.

Most soils have less than half a meter of?

A horizon.

Desert soils might have almost no?

O or A horizons.

Agriculture both causes and suffers from?

environmental degradation.

Water and wind erosion cause a vast majority of?

global soil degradation.

Chemical degradation, a secondary cause of soil degradation, includes?

nutrient depletion, salt accumulation, acidification, and pollution.

Water is the leading cause of?

soil loss

Erosion is an important natural process that?

redistributes the products of geologic weathering.

Ways that Agriculture can increase water erosion:

Tilling fields, Leaving fields unplanted, Livestock trampling/removing vegetation

Wind is a close second in?

erosion

Wind can?

equal or exceed water in erosive force, especially in dry regions where vegetation is sparse.

Ways that Agriculture can increase wind erosion:

Tilling, Row cropping, Herbicide use

Wind erosion can lead to?

desertification

In extreme conditions, windblown dunes encroach on?

useful land and cover roads and buildings.

Over the past 30 years, China has lost ___ km2 to desertification.

93,000

Soil is the foundation of?

food production.

Agriculture is also dependent upon:

Reliable water resources, Nutrients, Favorable temperatures and rainfall, Productive crop varieties,The mechanical energy to tend and harvest the crops.

High yields usually require?

irrigation

Agriculture uses at least 2/3 of all fresh water withdrawn from?

rivers, lakes, and groundwater

The efficiency of irrigation water use varies?

greatly.

Poor farmers may over-irrigate because?

they lack the technology to meter water and distribute just the amount needed.

In wealthier countries, farmers can afford water-saving methods such as?

drip irrigation, which waters only the base of a crop, reducing evaporative losses.

Pivot irrigation is mainly used in?

wealthier countries. 

Excessive irrigation not only wastes water but also often results in:

waterlogging and salinization. 

Waterlogging occurs when?

soil is saturated with water and plant roots die from lack of oxygen.

Salinization, which causes salts to accumulate in the soil, is a problem when?

irrigation water dissolves and mobilizes salts, as the water evaporates, it leaves behind a salty crust on the soil surface that is lethal to most plants.

Fertilizer boosts?

production 

Plants require small amounts of?

inorganic nutrients from soil.

In large-scale farming, fertilizers are used to?

ensure a sufficient supply of these nutrients.

The major elements required by most plants are?

nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium,magnesium, and sulfur.

Much of the doubling in worldwide crop production since 1950 has come from?

increased inorganic fertilizer use.

What happens to the nutrients not captured by crops?

They run off fields or seep into groundwater.