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Cognition
mental activities associated with thinking, problem solving, memory, and language
Metacognition
a critical awareness of one’s own thinking and learning
Concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototype
a mental image or best example of a category
Algorithm
a methodical logical procedure that guarantees soling a particular problem
Heuristic
a simple thinking strategy; a short-cut that often allows us to solve problems quickly
Insight
a sudden realization of the solution to a problem
Convergent Thinking
when we integrate information to find a single solution (ex. multiple choice - one right answer)
Divergent Thinking
creative thinking that diverges in many directions (brain storming)
Cognitive Bias
an error in thinking that occurs when people are processing information in the world around them
Representative Heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes
Availability Heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
Functional Fixedness
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
Intuition
an effortless, immediate feeling or thought
Framing Effect
how an issue is presented can significantly effect our decision making
Gambler’s Fallacy
the mistaken belief that a random event’s likelihood is affected by previous outcomes
Sunk Cost Fallacy
the tendency for people to continue a course of action when abandoning it would be more beneficial
Anchoring Bias
the tendency to rely too heavily on the very first piece of information you learn
Language
our spoken and written words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Phoneme
the smallest distinctive sound unit (s, t, a)
Morpheme
the smallest unit of language that has meaning (-ing,-ed)
Grammar
a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences
(ex. add “ed” for past tense)
Syntax
the rules we use to order words into sentences
Telegraphic Speech
incomplete word phrases but the message is still clear
Overgeneralization
the application of a grammatical rule in cases where it doesn’t apply
Critical Period
a window of opportunity for language learning
