(7) SECTION 7 STUDY NOTES (PRIMARY SOURCES AND OTHER DOCUMENTS)

What was the Percentages Agreement and which countries did it divide? [Percentages Agreement, 1944]

A secret Churchill-Stalin deal dividing influence over Romania, Greece, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Bulgaria.

What were the percentages for Romania and Greece under the agreement? [Percentages Agreement, 1944]

Romania: 90% Soviet. Greece: 90% British/U.S.

Why did Churchill later call it the "naughty document"? [Winston Churchill - Percentages Agreement]

He felt it was cynical imperialism—great powers deciding smaller nations' fate casually.

Why did Stalin agree so easily to the percentages? [Stalin - Percentages Agreement]

The USSR already occupied Romania/Bulgaria militarily.

Who were the leaders at Yalta and what was the purpose? [Yalta Conference, 1945]

Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin; planning the postwar order.

What were the key agreements about Germany and Europe? [Yalta Conference, 1945]

Division of Germany, trials for Nazis, "free elections" in Eastern Europe.

What did Stalin promise regarding the Pacific War? [Yalta Conference, 1945]

To enter the war against Japan after Germany's defeat.

What concern did Roosevelt express to Stalin in March 1945? [Roosevelt-Stalin Message, 1945]

U.S. domestic pressure for transparency and democratic governance in Poland.

What was Roosevelt trying to accomplish? [Roosevelt-Stalin Message, 1945]

Preserve Allied unity and cooperation.

What two documents did Ho Chi Minh cite in Vietnam's declaration? [Ho Chi Minh Declaration, 1945]

The U.S. Declaration of Independence and the French Rights of Man.

What events enabled Vietnam's independence declaration? [Ho Chi Minh Declaration, 1945]

French collapse, Japanese surrender, Bao Dai's abdication.

What was the declaration's main demand? [Ho Chi Minh Declaration, 1945]

Recognition of Vietnam's independence.

Who did Stalin blame for causing WWII? [Stalin Election Speech, 1946]

Monopolistic capitalism in Western states.

What did he claim Soviet victory proved? [Stalin Election Speech, 1946]

The superiority and strength of socialism.

Why did Stalin highlight production numbers? [Stalin Election Speech, 1946]

To show state control enabled massive war output.

What did Kennan argue was the root of Soviet policy? [Long Telegram, 1946]

Historic insecurity + communist ideology viewing capitalism as hostile.

How did Kennan contrast Soviet behavior with Nazi Germany? [Long Telegram, 1946]

The Soviets were cautious—not reckless—responsive only to force.

What strategy grew directly from the telegram? [Long Telegram, 1946]

Containment.

What image did Churchill use to describe Europe's division? [Iron Curtain Speech, 1946]

An "iron curtain" from Stettin to Trieste.

What warning did Churchill give Western democracies? [Iron Curtain Speech, 1946]

Unite or risk unchecked Soviet expansion.

Why is it considered an early Cold War moment? [Iron Curtain Speech, 1946]

Publicly framed East vs. West rivalry.

What did Novikov claim about U.S. postwar policy? [Novikov Telegram, 1946]

It was imperialistic, seeking global dominance.

What evidence did he offer? [Novikov Telegram, 1946]

Bigger military, overseas bases, aggressive rhetoric.

How did he describe the shift from Roosevelt to Truman? [Novikov Telegram, 1946]

Truman made U.S. policy more hostile.

What was its main purpose? [Truman Doctrine, 1947]

Aid Greece and Turkey; establish containment.

What global choice did Truman present? [Truman Doctrine, 1947]

Free peoples vs. oppression.

How much aid did he request? [Truman Doctrine, 1947]

$400 million.

What did Marshall say Europe needed? [Marshall Plan Speech, 1947]

A cooperative European-led recovery with U.S. aid.

What threat came with economic collapse? [Marshall Plan Speech, 1947]

Communist political gains.

What was U.S. aid directed against? [Marshall Plan Speech, 1947]

Hunger, poverty, desperation, chaos.

What were Soviets hoping for by restricting Berlin access? [Berlin Restrictions Report, 1948]

Western withdrawal, giving USSR full control.

Why maintain a Western presence? [Berlin Restrictions Report, 1948]

To preserve credibility and European morale.

What response was recommended? [Berlin Restrictions Report, 1948]

Stand firm—no withdrawal.

What did the 29 Oct 1948 veto signal? [CIA Berlin Summary, 29 Oct 1948]

Soviets wanted to save face as the blockade failed.

Main Soviet goal in 3 Dec 1948 summary? [CIA Berlin Summary, 3 Dec 1948]

Build a puppet East Berlin government.

What was the Soviets' January 1949 plan? [CIA Berlin Summary, 14 Jan 1949]

Formalizing an East German state.

What new restrictions were planned in March 1949? [CIA Berlin Summary, 11 Mar 1949]

Cutting all transport, communications, and utilities.

What does Article 5 commit members to? [NATO Treaty, 1949]

Collective defense.

What does Article 3 require? [NATO Treaty, 1949]

Members strengthen their own forces.

What does Article 10 allow? [NATO Treaty, 1949]

Expansion to new members.

What was Kennedy's main message? [Ich Bin Ein Berliner, 1963]

U.S. solidarity with West Berlin.

How did he use the Berlin Wall as a symbol? [Ich Bin Ein Berliner, 1963]

Proof of communist repression.

What phrase expressed unity? [Ich Bin Ein Berliner, 1963]

"Ich bin ein Berliner."

What authority did the resolution give LBJ? [Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964]

Broad military power without declaring war.

What treaties did LBJ cite? [Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964]

1955 SEATO treaty; 1962 Geneva Agreements.

How did the U.S. justify involvement? [State Dept. Vietnam Paper, 1965]

Claimed external communist aggression, not civil war.

What was the stated U.S. goal? [State Dept. Vietnam Paper, 1965]

Help South Vietnam remain independent.

What disagreement did Bohlen express? [Bohlen Telegram, 1965]

Yalta wasn't meant to divide Europe but prevent Soviet domination.

What warning did he give France? [Bohlen Telegram, 1965]

Criticizing U.S. policy could damage American goodwill.

What principle did the doctrine establish? [Brezhnev Doctrine, 1968]

USSR can intervene to preserve socialism in any socialist state.

What event prompted it? [Brezhnev Doctrine, 1968]

Crushing the Prague Spring.

What must socialist countries support? [Brezhnev Doctrine, 1968]

Interests of world socialism.

What condition did Ho demand before talks? [Ho Chi Minh Letter to LBJ, 1967]

End all bombing of North Vietnam.

Whom did he blame for suffering? [Ho Chi Minh Letter to LBJ, 1967]

The U.S. government.

Why did conservatives appeal to Brezhnev? [Czech Communist Letter, 1968]

Reforms endangered socialism.

What did they claim about party leadership? [Czech Communist Letter, 1968]

It had lost control to right-wing forces.

What was the U.S. goal in Chile? [Chile Memo, 1970]

Prevent Marxist Allende from taking power.

Name one covert action. [Chile Memo, 1970]

Funding newspapers, coup contacts, media influence.

What does the act require? [War Powers Act, 1973]

President must consult Congress before troop deployment; report within 48 hours.

How long can forces stay without approval? [War Powers Act, 1973]

90 days.

Why did students seize the embassy? [Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979]

U.S. sheltering the Shah & exposing U.S. interference.

How long were hostages held? [Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979]

444 days.

How did the USSR justify the invasion? [Soviet Afghanistan Message, 1979]

Defending socialism and international duty.

What doctrine supported this? [Soviet Afghanistan Message, 1979]

Brezhnev Doctrine.

What did NSC-68 call for? [NSC-68, 1950]

Massive military buildup.

Why reject isolationism? [NSC-68, 1950]

It would let USSR dominate Eurasia.

What would U.S. withdrawal cause? [CIA Korea Memo, 1950]

Collapse of containment and credibility.

Likely Soviet strategy? [CIA Korea Memo, 1950]

Spread conflicts to drain U.S. resources.

What was she arguing against? [Declaration of Conscience, 1950]

McCarthy-style smears & fear politics.

One essential liberty? [Declaration of Conscience, 1950]

Right to criticize / hold unpopular beliefs / protest / think independently.

Why was it formed? [Warsaw Pact, 1955]

Response to West Germany joining NATO.

Main feature? [Warsaw Pact, 1955]

Collective defense under Soviet leadership.

What did he denounce? [Secret Speech, 1956]

Stalin's terror and cult of personality.

What did it launch? [Secret Speech, 1956]

De-Stalinization.

How did Nehru view the invasion? [Hungary Reactions, 1956]

As a violation of sovereignty.

Why did Mao support the invasion? [Hungary Reactions, 1956]

Believed the West was backing rebels.

How did Third World nations react to Hungary and Suez? [Soviet Third World Report, 1956]

Condemned USSR in Hungary; supported Egypt in Suez.

What problem did this create? [Soviet Third World Report, 1956]

Hurt Soviet influence among nonaligned nations.

What did Mao call capitalist powers? [Moscow Conference, 1957]

"Paper tigers."

Shocking statement about nuclear war? [Moscow Conference, 1957]

Not afraid of it.

What happened to the U-2 plane? [U-2 Incident, 1960]

Shot down over USSR.

What did Eisenhower admit? [U-2 Incident, 1960]

It was a reconnaissance mission.

Why did the U.S. defend surveillance flights? [U.S. Surveillance Defense]

To prevent surprise attack; Soviet secrecy required it.

What proposals had USSR rejected? [U.S. Surveillance Defense]

Open skies and arms-control agreements.

Key quote? [U.S. Surveillance Defense]

"Necessity… enhanced by Soviet secrecy."

Major warning? [Eisenhower Farewell Address, 1961]

Military-industrial complex.

Warning about science policy? [Eisenhower Farewell Address, 1961]

Overreliance on federal funding.

What must the U.S. balance? [Eisenhower Farewell Address, 1961]

Defense, economy, public welfare, future.

Key quote? [Eisenhower Farewell Address, 1961]

"Peace with justice… humble with power."

What did Bowles warn the invasion would do? [Bowles Bay of Pigs Memo, 1961]

Damage credibility, provoke escalation.

CIA spending? [Bowles Bay of Pigs Memo, 1961]

~$45 million.

Key quote? [Bowles Bay of Pigs Memo, 1961]

"A grave mistake… a major covert adventure."

What reciprocal proposal did Khrushchev offer? [Khrushchev Letter, 1962]

Remove missiles in Cuba for U.S. removal in Turkey.

What was his argument? [Khrushchev Letter, 1962]

USSR fears missiles near its borders just like U.S. does.

Key quote? [Khrushchev Letter, 1962]

U.S. demands are "irreconcilable" if only one side removes threats.

What was Project RYaN? [KGB RYaN, 1984]

KGB program tracking signs of a NATO nuclear strike.

What indicators did they monitor? [KGB RYaN, 1984]

Political, military, civil-defense, economic.

What reductions did Gorbachev announce? [Gorbachev UN Speech, 1988]

500,000 troops; 50,000 in Eastern Europe.

What was "new political thinking"? [Gorbachev UN Speech, 1988]

Cooperation, shared security, political—not military—solutions.

Key quote? [Gorbachev UN Speech, 1988]

"Freedom of choice is a universal principle."