history review 3+4

martin luther

martin luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices starting a revolution.

indulgence

a pardon, released a sinner from preforming penalty that a priest imposed for sins.

Reformation

A movement for religious reform

lutheran

a member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther

protestant

Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches, or someone who was christian but not roman catholic or eastern orthodox

peace of augsburg

an assemble in the city of augsburg, where charles V and protestant princes met and came to an agreement stating each ruler would decide the religion of his state.

henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

annul

declare invalid/set aside

elizabeth I

daughter of edward who eventually took the throne and created peace in england. she created a new church called the anglican church.

anglican

Relating to the Church of England, run by Queen Elizabeth I.

what practices of the catholic church in the 1500s might have disturbed ordinary churchgoers?

drinking, gambling, and marrying

what were the main points of luther's teachings?

faith and good works were needed for salvation, all church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the bible, all people with faith were equal and can interpret the bible without priests.

why did luther's ideas appeal to many norther german princes?

some princes genuinely shared his ideas, but many saw the as reasons to seize church property and assert their independence from charles V.

where did the term protestantism originate?

princes who supported luther signed a protest against the agreement to join forces with the pope and go against his ideas. the protesters came the be known as protestants.

what impact did henry VIII's actions have on england in the second half of the 1500s?

no children brought religious turmoil by switching from protestant to catholic and back.

how was elizabeth I able to bring a level of religious peace to england?

she established a state church that moderate protestants and catholics might both accept. for protestants, priests in the church of england were allowed to marry and could deliver sermons in english not latin. for catholics, the church of england kept some of the trappings of the catholic service such as rich robes. church services were also revised to be somewhat more accpetable to catholics.

how did the catholic church respond to luther's teachings?

the church threatened and eventually excommunicated luther and suppressed the spread of his teachings.

Huldrych Zwingli

Swiss priest who led the protestant movement in Switzerland

john calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

predestination

a doctrine that states that god has already chosen who will be saved.

calvinism

religion based on Calvin's teachings

theocracy

government run by religious leaders

john knox

brought calvinism to scotland, followers called presbyterians

presbyterians

followers of John Knox

anabaptists

a believer who thinks people should only be baptised when the can decide if their christian

how did calvin's ideas about salvation differ from that of luthers?

calvin says that only a select few are chosen and humans cannot earn salvation, while luther said that people could receive salvation only by faith in gods gift of forgiveness.

What was Calvin's idea of the "elect" and their place in society?

his idea was that god chose very few people to save and these few are the elect. also that men and women are both sinful by nature.

how were anabaptists different from protestants in their political views?

anabaptists believed that church and state should be separate while protestants thought

What role did noblewomen play in the Reformation?

Noblewomen protected reformers but, as their protestant religions became more firmly established, the organization became more formal. Because of this, male religious leaders limited women's activities to the home and discouraged them from being leaders in the church.

catholic reformation

a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, start schools and convert non christians

council of trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

heretic

someone who goes against accepted religious beliefs

nation-state

A country who's population share a common identity.

what reforms were passed by the council of trent?

the church's interpretation of the bible was final, anyone who thought different was a heretic, christians needed faith and good works for salvation as they were no saved by faith alone, The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life, Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but the selling of indulgences was banned.

what were the goals of the jesuits?

The goals of the Jesuits were to convert non-Christians to Catholicism, stop Protestantism, and to find superb schools all throughout Europe.

what were the effects of the reformation, and which one had the most lasting effect?

parish schools and universities were founded throughout europe, protestant churches flourished and many new denominations developed, roman catholic church became more unified, women's status remained the same, decline of church's political authority empowered monarchs and states, nation-states developed, laid groundwork for enlightenment. the one that had the most lasting effect was the decline of the church's authority, as monarch's rise throughout europe.

How did the steps taken by Paul III and Paul IV to reform the Catholic Church differ from Protestant reforms?

they tried to help Catholics remain loyal within the Church to reform itself while Protestants began to follow new religious beliefs.

What caused women's roles to change in the Catholic Church during and after the Counter-Reformation?

Women weren't as secluded and could help girls, the poor and the needy during the reformation.

inquisition

a period of prolonged and intensive questioning or investigation.

heresy

the denial of church teachings

Huegnots

French Calvinist Protestants

what were the italian wars, and how did they end?

wars between france and spain fighting for control of the italian peninsula. it ended by pope francis forced to give up all claims to italy.

what factors led to the peasants war?

With new ideas circulating among a growing population, peasants were becoming more disgruntled by high taxes and a lack of power. At the same time, Reformation preachers supported the idea of freedom.

How did Luther's reaction to the Peasants' War affect the Catholic Reformation?

It prevented Reformation from becoming a social revolution as well as a religious revolution.

How did France achieve political stability after years of fighting between the Huguenots and Catholics?

the fighting ended when henry of navarre became catholic, he encouraged catholics to accept him as king. the edict of nantes was issued which granted religious freedom to protestants.

prince henry

led the way in sponsoring exploration for Portugal

Bartholomew dias

Dias was an early Portuguese explorer who traveled down the coast of Africa in search of a water route to Asia. He managed to round the southern tip of Africa in 1488, now the Cape of Good Hope.

vasco da gama

Using the new trade route around the Cape of Good Hope, he brought spices back to Portugal and made a profit of several thousand dollars.

treaty of tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

dutch east india company

the dutch and english established east india companies to form and direct trade throughout asia. these companies could mint money, make treaties, and even raise their own armies. the dutch was more powerful than the english.

english east india company

an early joint-stock company; were granted on English royal charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India.

Three G's

God, Gold, Glory. meaning make a name for yourself, serve god and his majesty, and grow rich as all men desire to do.

astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

why did europeans seek new trade routes to the indian ocean and asia?

the desire for new sources of wealth was the main reason. merchants and traders hoped to benefit off of the trade of spices and other luxury goods from asia. not only this but many traders did not like italians setting high prices for goods and finding a direct sea route would allow them to bypass italian traders.

How did new technology make open ocean exploration possible?

without new technology it would have been impossible for ships to sail the ocean and make it back intact.

What contributions did Prince Henry make to Portuguese exploration?

He started a school for navigation so sailors and mapmakers could learn their trade. He had his cartographers working with ship captains. Funded and encouraged exploration.

Summarize the trips made by Dias and da Gama.

dias- he ventured far down the coast of africa until he reached the tip. as they arrived a huge storm rose and battered the fleet for days. When the storm ended, Dias realized his ships had been blown around the tip to the other side. he was thinking about exploring to india but he and his crew were tired and running low on supplies, so they went back home.

da gama- in 1498, he reached the port of Calicut, on the southwestern coast of India. Da Gama and his crew were amazed by the spices, rare silks, and precious gems that filled Calicut's shops, that he filled their ships with the stuff. Their cargo was worth 60 times the cost of the voyage. he now had a direct sea route to india.

How did the Treaty of Tordesillas ease tensions between Spain and Portugal?

the rivalry between spain and portugal started when the portuguese suspected that columbus had claimed land for spain that they had already reached first. pope alexander suggested that a compromise was reached. an imaginary line dividing the atlantic ocean drawn north to south. all lands west would be spains, including most of the americas. east would be portugal's, and eventually the treaty of tordesillas was signed and both countries honored the lines.

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas reveal about Europeans' attitudes toward non-European lands and people?

How did the arrival of the Europeans affect the people of the East?