A&P: Anatomical Organization

"you don't listen to me cuz you're STUPID" - anthony

Anatomy

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.

Physiology

Study of the function of the body’s machinery; requires understanding of anatomy.

Gross Anatomy

Study of body structures visible to the naked eye, approached systematically or regionally.

Microscopic Anatomy

Study of body structures using a microscope, including cytology and histology.

Cytology

Examination of the structural features of cells.

Histology

Examination of tissues.

Developmental Anatomy

Study of structural changes from conception to adulthood, including embryology.

Physiology

Study of the function of the body’s machinery.

Six levels of organization

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal.

Necessary life functions

Boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

Boundaries

Separation of internal and external environments. Regulates the exchange of material.

Movement

Get the materials needed or to escape biological threats such as predation or hostile environments.

Responsiveness

Detect and respond to changes internally and externally (sensation). Allows organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis.

Digestion

Ability to break down energy to be used by the cells to function. Need to ingest high energy bonds to take macromolecules. Provides the organism with essential nutrients.

Metabolism

Ability to use the energy provided by digestion for cellular processes. Chemical reactions that occur within the organism. Energy production, synthesis of cellular components, and regulation of physiological processes.

Excretion

Removal of waste and metabolic byproducts.

Reproduction

Production of offspring. Passes on genetic material and continues the population.

Growth

Necessary for development, repair, and maturation.

Homeostasis

Ability to maintain stable internal conditions within a narrow range of values.

Feedback System

Process involving a receptor, control center, and effector to maintain homeostasis.

Negative Feedback

Mechanism that decreases stimulus to return a variable to its set range.

• I.e, sweating, regulation of glucose

Positive Feedback

Mechanism that increases stimulus, less common than negative feedback.

• I.e, blood clotting, lactation, childbirth

Anatomical Position

Standard position of the body used as a reference in anatomy.

Antecubial

Anterior side of elbow.

Axillary

Armpit.

Brachial

Upper arm.

Calcaneal

Heel.

Carpal

Wrist.

Cephalic

Head.

Cervical

Neck and cervix.

Coxal

Fusion of ilium (hips), ischium (hip and pelvic), and pubis (pelvic area).

Digital

Fingers and toes.

Femoral

Thigh.

Gluteal

Butt.

Lumbar

Lower back.

Inguinal

Groin.

Occipital

Back of the head.

Olecranal

Point of elbow.

Oral

Mouth.

Orbital

Eye socket.

Patella

Knee cap.

Sacral

Related to the sacrum (tailbone).

Tarsal

Ankle.

Vertebral

Spine.

Umbilical

Around the belly button.

Superior

Above.

Inferior

Below.

Anterior

In front of.

Posterior

Behind.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Intermediate

Between two structures.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment.

Superficial

Towards the surface.

Deep

Away from the surface.

Axial Region

Central region of the body, including the head, neck, and trunk.

Appendicular Region

Region consisting of the limbs (arms and legs).

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into right and left halves.

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) halves.

Dorsal Cavity

Contains the cranial and vertebral cavities.

Ventral Cavity

Larger cavity divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Thoracic Cavity

Contains the heart and lungs.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Contains organs such as the liver, stomach, and intestines.

Pelvic Cavity

Contains the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs.

Serous Membranes

Double-layered membranes lining body cavities to reduce friction.

Parietal Serosa

Lines the cavity wall.

Visceral Serosa

Covers the organs within the cavity.

Serous Fluid

Fluid in between the two layers that reduces friction and allows the layers to slide past each other during organ movement.