AP Human Geography: Population, Migration, and Demographic Models
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69 Terms
Carrying capacity
The maximum amount of people an environment can sustain.
Arithmetic density
People over land area.
Psychological density
People over arable land.
Agricultural density
Farmers over arable land.
Natural rate of increase
The percentage at which a population is growing yearly.
Crude birth rate
Live births a year over 1000 people.
Crude death rate
Deaths per year over 1000 people.
Total fertility rate
The average number of children a woman will have during childbearing years.
Infant mortality rate
The annual number of deaths of infants under the age of 1 over 1000 live births.
Stage 1
High CBR, high CDR, low NIR.
Stage 2
High CBR, rapidly declining CDR, high NIR.
Stage 3
Declining CBR, moderately declining CDR, moderate NIR.
Stage 4
Low CBR, low or slight CDR, low NIR.
Maternal mortality rate
Number of pregnancy related female deaths over 100,000 live births.
Dependency ratio
Number of working aged people over number of non working aged people.
Epidemiological transition model
Focuses on distinctive health threats to each stage of a country.
Stage 5
Very low CBR, increasing CDR and declining or negative NIR.
Pronatalist policy
Includes giving incentives for families to have children and free child care.
Antinatalist policies
Include taxing more for more children and not providing maternity leave.
Mathuthius theory
States humans will one day run out of food because people grow geometrically and food grows arithmetically.
Neo-Mathulthius
Believes that humans will run out of any natural resource.
Migration
Permanent movement to a new location.
Mobility
One's ability to move from place to place.
Circulation
Short term repetitive temporary movement like work.
Migration transition
A change in the migration pattern in society that results from social and economic changes.
Demographic Transition Migration Pattern
A pattern that can change the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).
Stage 1 Migration Transition
High daily/seasonal mobility in search for food.
Stage 2 Migration Transition
High international emigration and interregional immigration from city to suburbs.
Stage 3 and Stage 4 Migration Transition
High international immigration and interregional migration from city to suburbs.
International Migration
A permanent move from one country to another.
Voluntary Migration
A migrant that chooses to move usually for economic reasons or sometimes environmental reasons.
Forced Migration
A migrant that has been compelled to move by political or environmental factors.
Internal Migration
A permanent move within the same country.
Intraregional Migration
Migration within the same region.
Emigration
Migration from a location.
Immigration
Migration to a new location.
Net Migration
The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.
Three Main US Eras of Immigration
Colonial settlement, mass European immigration, and Asian and Latin American immigration.
Colonial Settlement
Immigration in the 17-18th century when colonial settlers came to America.
Mass European Immigration
Immigration in the late 19th and early 20th century when European immigrants came to America.
Asian and Latin American Immigration
Immigration in the late 20th and 21st century when Asians and Latin Americans immigrated to America.
Urbanization
The process of rural to urban migration, most common in developing countries.
Counterurbanization
Migration from urban to rural areas.
Suburbanization
Migration from urban areas to suburbs.
Push Factors
Factors that induce people to leave their home.
Pull Factors
Factors that induce people to move somewhere new.
Internally Displaced Person
A refugee who has not yet crossed borders.
Asylum Seeker
A migrant who hopes to be recognized as a refugee.
Refugees
Individuals who have been forced to move out of their country.
Remittances
Payments immigrants send to their home country.
Unauthorized Immigrants
Those who enter foreign countries with no documentation.
Brain Drain
Taking all the skilled workers from one country.
Circular Migration
Going from guest worker program to home to guest worker program.
Doubling Time
The amount of time it takes for a population to double.
1790 American Migration Trend
People hugging the east coast
1800-1840 American Migration trend
crossing the appalachians
1850-1890 American Migration trend
Rushing to the Gold of California
1900-1940 American Migration trend
Filling in the Great Plains
1950-2010 American Migration trend
Moving South
Example pull factors
work opportunities, family in another country
Example push factors
hurricane, expensive city, no job
Intervening obstacles cause...
people to engage in step migration which follows a series of steps to the final destination
examples of intervening obstacles
include natural barriers, financial constraints t, or political barriers
US has immigrant preferences for
people with family in the US, skilled workers, and people with diversity
In 1924
the US immigration policy was 2% of US population base by country
In 1965
they did quotas by hemisphere to 290,000 from each hemisphere yearly
In 1978
the US immigration policy was a global quote of 290,000 yearly
In 1990
it changed to a global quote of 700,000 yearly
Economic push and pull factors
cause majority of migration