lccc a&p exam one

human anatomy

study of structures

physiology

study of function

organization

organs, bones, muscles organized specifically

homeostasis

maintaining all of internal physiological processes

*balances --> HR

development

growth in size or # of cells

metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

catabolic

larger structures to smaller

-yields energy

example: digestion

anabolic

small molecules to larger

-building

-uses energy

evolution

change to survive ---> DNA

six characteristics of living organisms

organization, homeostasis, cellular composition, development, metabolism, evolution

levels of structural organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

planes of the body

saggital, midsaggistal, parasaggital, coronal, transverse

cavity

fluid filled space within the body

-protects internal organs

two major cavities

dorsal and ventral

dorsal cavity

cranial cavity and vertebral cavity (spinal cord)

ventral cavity

thoracic and abdominopelvic, separated by the diaphragm

diaphragm

separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

contains three smaller cavities including pleural, mediastinum, pericardial

layers of serous membranes

parietal, serous fluid, visceral ----> outside to in

four abdominopelvic quadrants

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

nine abdominopelvic regions

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

homeostasis

physiological maintenance of internal environment

how to maintain homeostasis

feedback loops

two kinds of feedback loops

positive and negative

feedback loops are controlled by...

nervous and endocrine

components of a feedback loop

receptor (sensor), control center, effector (motor)

negative feedback

works to return stimulus to normal range

-majority of feedback loops

-each regulated variable has a set point (normal value) and maintained within normal range

positive feedback loops

effector activity increases and reinforces initial stimulus

-shuts off when conditions return to normal range

-less common, ex. child birth

chemistry

the study of life

matter

has weight and takes up space

atom

smallest unit of matter

subatomic particles

smallest unit of atoms

electron

negative charges (e-)

neutrons

neutral charge (n0)

protons

positive charge (p+)

atoms

electrically charged

atomic number

number of protons --> always found on the element

element

substance with only one type of atom

elements found in the body

C- Carbon, H- Hydrogen, O- Oxygen, Cl- Chlorine, Na- Sodium, Ca- Calcium, K- Potassium, P- Phosphate, N- Nitrogen

mass number

number of protons + number of neutrons

isotope

different number of neutrons

radioactive

molecule

a group of atoms bonded together, the smallest unit of chemical compound

compound

substance formed when two or more chemical elements bond together

ex. H20

octet rule

valence electrons determine how an atom interacts with other atoms and whether it will form bonds with a specific atom

ion

charged particle

cation

positively charged ion

anion

negatively charged ion

ionic bond

when one atom gives up/receives an e-

nonpolar covalent bonds

2 atoms share electrons equally

polar covalent bonds

2 atoms share electrons unequally

hydrogen bonds

weak bonds between partial positive and partial negative atoms

chemical reaction

when a chemical bond is formed or broken

energy

the ability to do work

three kinds of energy in the body

chemical, mechanical, electrical

enzymes

increase reaction rates

enzymes are...

-made up of proteins

-highly specific for individual reactions

-do not alter the reactant or products

-do not permanently alter

-speed up reactions by lowering activation energy

inorganic

does not contain carbon

-such as water, acids, bases and salts

organic

does contain carbon

water

high heat capacity

-cushions and protects

-lubricates

hydrophilic

likes water

hydrophobic

does not like water

acidic

1-7 on pH scale

basic

8-14 on pH scale

buffer

chemical system that resists change in pH

blood pH

7.35-7.45

intracelluar

7.2

electrolytes

capable of conducting electrical currents

-critical for heartbeat and nerve impulses

-sodium in water forms cations and anions

common electrolytes

Na, K, Ca, Cl

function of carbohydrates

bodies number one choice of energy

-40-60%

monosaccharides

cannot by hydrolyzed to give simpler sugar

ex. glucose and fructose

disaccharides

contains two monosccharides

ex. surcrose and lactose

polysaccharides

starches--> stored in skeletal system or liver

lipids

second choice for energy

-group of hydrophobic molecules

-composed of carbon and hydrogen

-includes fat and oils

-used for fuel and protection

fatty acids

lipid consisting of 4-20 carbon atoms

saturated

every carbon has a hydrogen

-solid at room temperature

-contains lots of hydrogens

unsaturated

contain fewer hydrogens and liquid at room temperature

triglycerides

most common form in your body

-tails can be saturated or unsaturated

phospholipids

hydrophilic and hydrophobic, double layer membranes

steroids

made of cholesterol

-make sex hormonesP

cholesterol

steroid that forms basis for all other steroids

proteins

last source for fuel

-functions as enzymes

-are involved in movement

-function in the body's defenses

proteins are made of.....

amino acids (20)

proteins are held together by......

peptide bonds

nucleotides

building units of nucleic acids

-make up genetic material

nucleotide structure

nitrogenous base, sugar-ribose or deoxyribose, phosphate group

DNA

large molecule found in nuclei of cells

composed of two long chains of nucleotides

DNA contains....

genes

genes

provide recipe for protein synthesis

process for making every protein

glycogenolysis

breaking down glycogen into glucose

gluconeogenesis

synthesis of glucose from amino acids, glycerol, pyruvic acid, lactic acid

reverse of glycolysis

order of breakdown

glycogen first, then fats, then proteins

lypilysis

occurs in muscle, liver, fat cells

triglycerides are split into glycerol and three fatty acids

protein catabolism

proteins are broken down into amino acids