Synathroses, diarthroses, fibrous joint, synovial joint, etc.

Synathroses joints characteristics

- permit slight to no movement; immovable joint; not differentiated for movement
- Reinforced by a combo of fibrous and cartilaginous connective tissues.
- joint space is filled in with something (thick ligs, cartilage, etc. --> restrains movement.

two types of synathroses joints

fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints

synathroses (fibrous joints)

sutures of the skull
distal tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis/interosseus membrane)
interosseous membrane - reinforcing radio-ulnar joints

synathroses (cartilaginous joints)

pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage)
interbody joint of spine (including intervertebral discs) - fibrocart)
manubriosternal joint (in young; articular cartilage)

INTERVENING LAYER OF TISSUE = CARTILAGE

Suture

synathroses/fibrous joint.
2 bony components united by a thin layer of dense connective tissue, found only in skull, small amount of movement

Gomphosis

synathroses/fibrous joint
surface of bony compartments are configured like a peg in a hole (bone-conn tiss-bone)
intervening layer of fibrous connective tissue
ex: tooth and mandible or maxilla.

syndesmosis

synathroses/fibrous joint
bone-dense connective tissue-bone
bony compartments are directly connected by a ligament, cord, or aponeurosis.

Ampiarthroses (cartilaginous joints) examples

symphysis or synchondrosis

synchondrosis (def and ex)

bone- articular cartilage-bone
bony components connect by hyaline cartilage
ex: joint b/tw manubrium and rib

symphysis (def and ex)

bone-fibrocartilage-bone
bony components connected by fibrocartliage
ex: intervertebral discs or pubic symphysis

Diarthroses characteristics and examples

posses a synovial fluid-filled cavity; permit moderate to extensive movement
ex: glenohumeral joint, apophyseal (facet) joint of spine, knee (tibiofemoral joint), ankle (talocrural joint)

Elements that are ALWAYS assoc w/diathroses (synovial joints)

synovial fluid, articular cartilage, joint capsule (strong capsular ligaments), synovial membrane (lines joint capsule), ligaments (extracapsular - collateral/cruciate ligs of knee), blood vessels & sensory nerves in joint capsule (s: where proprioception comes from/transduce info of touch)

joint cavity - have space where synovial fluid always is.

elements that are SOMETIMES assoc w/diathroses (synovial joints)

intra-articular discs or menisci, peripheral labrum, fat pads, bursa (fluid filled sacs provide lubrication in areas of high friction), synovial plicae

Joint capsule + name of layers

double-layered structure surrounding joint cavity
stratum fibrosum (outer layer)
stratum synovium (inner layer)

stratum fibrosum

outer layer of joint capsule
provide structural support and opposing forces
portion of joint capsule that resists deformation (changes shape), STRETCHES

stratum synovium

inner layer of joint capsule
maintain internal environment
has A cells and B cells

A cells of stratum synovium

A cells = synovial macrophages, absorb and degrade cellular debris. wander around ange eat things, phagocytose foreign objects
more superfical, facing joint cavity.
recycle proteins within matrix of joint

B cells of stratum synovium

deeper; facing capsular ligament
fibroblast-like
secrete collagens and hyaluronic acid for synovial fluid (spit out components of synovial fluid)

Synovial fluid

-ulta-filtrate of blood plasma
-hyaluronate (hyaluronic acid): maintains viscosity of fluid and reduces friction
-chicken shots lol; take h.a from head of rooster to treat osteoarthritis
- lubricin: cartilage on cartilage lubrication -> glide better
super slippery, lowers coeff of friction (so more energy could go toward promoting/maintaining movement than reducing friction)

Classification of synovial joints (what types)

plane, uniaxial (pivot and hinge), biaxial/ellipsoid (saddle and condyloid), triaxial (ball and socket)

Plane (synovial joint)

no axis of rotation, 2 flat surfaces conjoining one another, provide for more motion than other fibro/cart joints but NOT much movement.
ex: foot and ankle; b/tw tarsal bones tiny joints

Uniaxial (synovial joint)

occuring around one axis, 3D movement around one plane
pivot: joint b/tw c1-c2 (c1 pivots around c2)
hinge: knee, elbow

biaxial/ellipsoid (synovial joint)

movement occurs around 2 axes , 2 planes
saddle - b/tw 1st metacarpal and trapezium
condyloid - b/tw radius and carpal bones of wrist; or finger joints (metacarpophalangeal)

triaxial (synovial joint)

3 axes joints, movement in three planes
ball and socket: shoulder and hip

Osteokinematics

visual, angular, rolling motion.

Example of osteokinematic (rolling) movements

flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, internal(medial)/external(lateral) rotation

List the planes of rotational mvmts, along with their specific axes of rot. mvmts, and the rotational mvmt associated with it

Sagittal: split into R/L halves, its axes of rotation is perpendicular to it = medial/lateral axis of rotation, mvmt assoc. is flexion/extension

Frontal/coronal plane: split body into ant/post halves, ant/post axis of rotation, abduction/adduction (even sidebending) occurs

Transverse split body into sup/inf halves, axis of rotation is sup/inf, mvmt is rotational (int/ext rot)

the atlantoaxial joint is a pivot joint with mvmt occuring about sup-inf axis. the joint is mainly adapted to provide which of the following mvmt?

- flexion/ext
-sidebending
-rotation
- at least 2 are correct

rotation
sup/inf axis assoc with transverse plane which results in rot mvmt

Arthrokinematic movements def & practical ex

refer to gliding/sliding of joint surfaces with regard to eachother (linear mvmt)

very tiny mvmts

practical example: think of a tire SLIDING on ice (in order to get this you need both angular (osteokin) and linear (arthro)

3 types of arthrokinematic mvmts

def:gliding/sliding/linear mvmt is arthokinematics:

types:
traction/compression
anterior/posterior glide
medial/lateral glide

traction vs compression

compression is smushing joint surf together (2nd metacarpal push into hand

traction (sulcus sign, pull 2nd phalanx out, skin pulls)

medial vs lateral glide

in anatomical pos:
medial glide = bring 2nd phalanx toward pinky
lateral glide = bring toward thumb

anterior vs posterior glide

in anat pos
anterior glide: bring finger toward palm
posterior glide: bring above dorsal surface

OSTEOKINEMATIC MVMTS ARE OFTEN RELATED TO ARTHROKINEMATIC MOVEMENTS...relationship depends on?

depends on the shape of the joint (one side concave, other is convex (rounded)

Caviats of relationship

1. need to be a clear convexity and concavity of the joint
2. only works on roll/slide joints

concave/convex does not apply to

spinning joints (talonavicular, radioulnar. humeroradial)

arthokinematic movement depends on

joint configuration and functional context (what is moving)

convex-concave rule: when convex moves on concave

roll and glide occur in opposite directions

when concave moves on convex

roll and glide occur in same direction

convex humerus moves on concave scapula : abduction

vex on cave = different so:

humerus rolls superiorly and glides inferiorly

if there was no slide/glide in shoulder abduction ...

subacromial bursa would become smushed = subacromial pain syndrome = deficiency in inferior glide/slide of humeral head

Functional context

open chain vs closed chain

Open chain vs closed chain

open chain: proximal segment fixed, distal segment moves (ex: knee ext while sitting; tibia (concave) will ant glide and roll over femur (convex)

closed chain: distal segment fixed, proximal segment moves (ex: standing -> squat; femur (convex) posterior roll anterior glide on tibia (concave)

Given the osteokinematic mvmt of knee extension, mvmts of the tibia (concave) on the femur (convex) involve which of the following arthrokinematic mvmts?

A. post glide of tibia on femur
B. ant glide of femur on tibia
C. ant glide of tibia on femur
D. 2 of these are correct

arthrokin -> look at GLIDE. concave on convex = same

C. ant glide of tibia on femur (assoc with ant roll of tibia too)

B wrong b/c that is convex on concave, this occurs when squatting when standing

A occurs during knee flexion

So D wrong

Briefly one word differentiate b/tw kinematics and kinetics

KineMatics = movement
KiNetics = forces (think N)

Kinematics

relates to smtgs position/motion, where its at in 3D space, named relating to the 3 cardinal planes

Study of mvmt

Kinematics - type of motion

translational (linear/gliding)
rotary (rotational)
curvilinear (combo of linear and rotational; MOST COMMON)

Kinematics - location of motion

sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

Kinetics - analysis of forces

statics, dynamics

Kinetic (force def and vector quantity [line of action])

Force - a physical quantity that can move or deform an object
Vector quantity (line of action) -
- pt of application
- direction
-magnitude