Topic 1: Introduction

pharmacognosy

study of drugs of biologic origin

pharmacognosy

a highly specialized science that deals with biochemical and economic features of natural drugs and their specific components

panama

banana republic

fungus

GMO banana nowadays is resistant to what microorganism

pharmacognosy

deals with natural products and is described as the study of medicinal or therapeutic agents of natural origin

• plants

• animals

• mineral sources

natural origins of drugs

• history

• distribution

• cultivation

• collection

• preparation

• identification

• evaluation

• preservation

• commerce

pharmacognosy includes

papyrus ebers

discovered in ancient Egypt in a tomb of a mummy

George Ebers

he discovered the papyrus ebers

papyrus ebers

scrolls of paper with 600-700 citations of drugs from plants and animals

herbolarios

filipino version of ancient medicine

pedanios dioscorides

author of “ de materia medica” (medicinal materials)

de materia medica

contains 600 plants with medicinal properties

claudius galen

described method of preparing formula containing plant and animal drugs in apothecaries

claudius galen

the father of extemporaneous compounding

cold cream

claudius galen created

galen’s create

cold cream is also known as

spermaceti

cold cream originally came from sperm whale, what specific substance is it?

Physefer microcephalus

SN of sperm whale

cetyl ester wax

alternative to spermaceti

c.a seydler

he coined the term “Pharmacognosy” in his dissertation: Analetica Pharmacognistica

analetica pharmacognistica

the disseration of seydler where he coined the term pharmacognosy

pharmakon

mean drug or poison

gnosis

means knowledge

Fluckiger

he wrote a comprehensive meaning of pharmacognosy

Pharmacognosy

is the simulataneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring drugs from every point of view

j.a schmidt

he is the one who first used the term pharmacognosy in his book

lerbuch de materia medica

book of schmidt that contains different medicinal plants and its properties

pelletier and caventou

discovered quinine (anti-malarial quinoline alkaloid)

quinoline

quinine is a ______ alkaloid

friedrich serturner

isolated morphine from poppy plant (Papaver somniferum)

Papaver somniferum

SN of poppy plant

pierre robiquet

isolated codeine (anti-tussive and narcotic analgesisc)

codeine

methyl morphine

claude bernard

discovers the site of action of tubocurarine (isoquinoline alkaloid)

isoquinoline

tubocurarine is an ________ alkaloid

primary

metabolites in plants that is essential for plant growth

secondary

metabolites in plants that is responsible for its defense mechanism as well the part that contains the pharmacologic effect

natural

drug compounds that are extracted or obtained directly from plants or animals

natural

alkaloids and penicillins are examples of what type of drug compounds

Penicillins

drugs that came from P. chrysogenum and P. notatum

synthetic

drug compunds that are created inside research laboratory with the aid of computers and scientists

synthetic

fluoroquinolones are example of what type of drug compounds

semi-synthetic

drug compounds that are natural substances with slight modification

crude drugs

vegetable or animal drugs consists of natural substances that had undergone only the process of collection and drying

wild

when we say collect, it means that the plant is gathered from the ______

cultivated

when we say harvested, the plant was _____ by the researcher

<1%

the plant is considered dried if the weigh is ___

• exposure to 65C

• fumigation of methyl bromide

• freezing in -20C with a drop of CCl4

methods of preserving crude drugs

exposure to 65C

method of preserving crude drugs that can prevent insect attacks

fumigation of methyl bromide

method of preserving crude drugs that is anti-fungal and prevents fungal growth

freezing in -20 with a drop of CCl4

method of preserving crude drugs that can prevent spoilage

• infusion

• maceration

• percolation

• digestion

• decoction

• distillation

methods of extraction

infusion

method of extraction that make use of hot water

maceration

method of extraction where the crude drug is soaked in solvent for long period (2-3 days)

percolation

method of extraction where a solvent pass-through powdered substance

digestion

method of extraction that involves maceration in liquid with gentle heat (<35-40C)

decoction

method of extraction where crude drug is passing through the sample with boiling water

distillation

method of extraction where there is selective boiling and condensation; samples with different boiling points

natural substance

• whole plants and their parts; animals and their excised organs

• no molecular modification had been made

derivatives

chief principles or constituent if crude drugs that are separated and used in a specific manner

extractives

other term for derivatives

menstruum

solvent or liquid mixture in which dissolves the chief constituents

marc

the undissolved portion of the drug after the extraction

indigenous plants

plants growing in their native countries

naturalized plants

plants that grow in foreign land other than their native homes

collection

gathering samples from the wild

harvesting

gathering of cultured samples

drying

removal of moisture; mainly for preservation

garbling

final step; mechanical removal of extraneous matter

• packaging

• storing

• preservation

optional step; protection from environmental conditions

*65C, fumigation (methyl bromide), drops of chloroform

• organoleptic

• microscopic

• biologic

• chemical

• physical

evaluation of crude drugs

organoleptic

macroscopic, evaluation by means of senses

microscopic

identification of pure, powdered drug (e.g cassava vs rice starch)

biologic

use of living organisms to determine pharmacologic activity of the drug

chemical

the best method of determining official potency

physical

application of physical constants to active principles of drug (e.g melting point, capillary action)

quality

intrinsic value of the drug type of medicinal principles or active constituents present in a drug sample

quantity

amount of the active constituent in a drug sample

bioassays

assays that uses living animal or excised organ to evaluate the effect of drugs

chicken

closes relative to dinosaurs

chicken

oxytocin

Gallus gallus domesticus

SN of chicken

pigeon

digitalis

Columba livia domestica

SN of pigeon

cat

glucagon

cat

atropine

Felis catus

SN of cat

rabbit

insulin

Orcytolagus

SN of rabbit

sheep

heparin

Ovis aries

SN of sheep

pitbull

PTH

Canis lupus familiaris

SN of pitbull

rat

corticotropin

female rat

chorionic gonadrotropin

male rat

vasopressin

Rattus sp

SN of rat

titration

best method of official potency (chemical)

Vitex negundo

lagundi