anatomy of the brain

cerebrum

bulk of brain, intellect

cerebral nuclei

deep regions of gray matter

fissures

longitudinal fissure

separates hemispheres of brain

cerebral hemispheres

separate, except at a few locations when bundles of axons connect them; similar gyri and sulci but different functions

corpus callosum

largest tract connecting hemispheres

corpus callosum

hemispherice/cerebral lateralization

left brain controls right body functions (vice versa); some functions found only on 1 hemisphere

lobes

each hemisphere has 5

central sulcus

intermediate to parietal and frontal lobes

frontal lobe

parietal lobe

temporal lobe

occipital lobe

insula

central sulcus

parieto-occipital culcus

intermediate to parietal and occipital lobes

lateral sulcus

superior to temporal lobe

precentral gyrus

anterior to central sulcus; part of frontal lobe

postcentral gyrus

posterior to central sulcus; part of parietal lobe

parieto-occipital sulcus

red line

lateral sulcus

precentral gyrus

postcentral gyrus

cerebrum functional areas

motor areas, sensory areas, association areas

motor areas

control voluntary motor functions

sensory areas

provide conscious awareness

association areas

allow motor and sensory to communicate

hummonculus

displays region and proportion of cortex that communicates

motor speech area

controls muscular movements necessary for vocalization

primary motor cortex

located in precentral gyrus

primary somatosensory cortex

located in postcentral gyrus; controls sensations

primary visual cortex

processes visual information; located in occipital lobe

primary auditory cortex

processes auditory information; located in temporal lobe

diencephalon

relay station for most sensory and motor pathways, controls visceral activities

diencephalon structures

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

epithalamus

partially forms roof of diencephalon; covers 3rd ventricle

epithalamus

epithalamus components

pineal gland; habenular nuclei

habenular nuclei

relays signals from limbic system to midbrain; involved in visceral and emotional responses to odor

thalamus

2 halves; sensory impulses from all conscious senses converge on thalamus and synapse and one of its nuclei; made up of about a dozen nuclei

thalamus

hypothalamus functions

control of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system; regulation of body temp; control of emotional behavior; control of food and water intake; regulation of circadian rhythms

infundibulum

connection between hypothalamus and pituitary gland

hypothalamus

brainstem

passageway for all tracts between cerebrum and spinal cord

3 regions of brainstem

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

midbrain

green portion

pons

pink portion

medulla oblongata

medulla oblongata

contains many autonomic nuclei: cardiac center, vasomotor center, medullary respiratory center

cardiac center of medulla oblongata

regulates heart rate, strength of contraction

vasomotor center of medulla oblongata

controls blood pressure by regulating contraction of smooth muscle in walls of arterioles

medullary respiratory center of medulla oblongata

regulates respiratory rate

cerebellum regions

cerebellar cortex, arbor vitae, cerebellar nuclei

cerebellum

cerebellar cortex

superficial region of gray matter

arbor vitae

deep layer of white matter (looks like trees)

cerebellar nuclei

deep areas of gray matter

cerebellar cortex

arbor vitae

cerebellar nuclei

cerebellum functions

coordinates and fine-tunes movements; stores memories of previously learned movement patterns; adjusts muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture; uses proprioceptive information from muscles and joints to regulate the body’s position; monitors position of each body joint and its muscle tone

peduncles

a stalk-like structure composed of tracts connecting 2 regions of the brain

tract

CNS axon bundle in which the axons have a similar function and share a common origin and destination

superior cerebellar peduncle

midbrain to cerebellum

middle cerebellar peduncle

pons to cerebellum

inferior cerebellar peduncle

medulla oblongata to cerebellum

superior cerebellar peduncle

middle cerebellar peduncle

inferior cerebellar peduncle

limbic system

forms a ring around diencephalon

limbic system functions

structures process and experience emotions; affects memory formation through integration of past memories of physical sensations with emotional states

limbic system