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Projection
A mathematical transformation converting 3D geographic coordinates into 2D Cartesian coordinates.
Cartesian Coordinates
A coordinate system that represents locations with X (horizontal) and Y (vertical) values.
Reference Ellipsoid / Datum
A model of Earth's shape that accounts for variations in sea level and gravitational pull.
Geoid
A model representing Earth's sea level variations without topography.
Developable Surface
A geometric shape (plane, cylinder, or cone) onto which the Earth's surface is projected.
Standard Parallel
A line on a map where distortion is minimized, usually where the projection touches the reference ellipsoid.
Planar (Azimuthal) Projection
A projection using a flat surface, often used for polar regions.
Cylindrical Projection
A projection where the Earth is wrapped in a cylinder, commonly used for world maps.
Conic Projection
A projection that uses a cone, ideal for mid-latitude regions.
Equal-Area (Equivalent) Projection
A map that preserves area but distorts shape (e.g., Gall-Peters Projection).
Conformal Projection
A map that preserves angles and shapes but distorts area (e.g., Mercator Projection).
Equidistant Projection
A map that preserves distance along specific lines but distorts shapes and areas (e.g., Azimuthal Equidistant Projection).
Compromise Projection
A projection that balances distortions to make the map more visually appealing (e.g., Winkel Tripel Projection).
Loxodrome
A line that crosses meridians at a constant angle, useful for navigation.
Tissot’s Indicatrix
A visual tool using circles to show distortion on a map.
Secant Projection
A projection with two standard parallels where distortion is minimized.
Tangent Projection
A projection with a single standard parallel.
Gall-Peters Projection
An equal-area map that accurately represents landmass sizes but distorts shape.
Mercator Projection
A conformal map that preserves shape but distorts area, especially near the poles.
Azimuthal Equidistant Projection
A map that preserves distance from a central point but distorts other areas.
Equirectangular Projection
A simple projection that divides the Earth into a rectangular grid but causes severe distortion at the poles.
Winkel Tripel Projection
A compromise projection used by National Geographic that balances distortions of area, shape, and distance.
