swine internal parasites- unit 3

common name for Ascaris suum

roundworm of swine

phylum/class for Ascaris suum

nemathelminthes- nematoda

location of Ascaris suum

SI

what species does Ascaris suum affect?

pigs (identical to the human roundworm)

is Ascaris suum zoonotic?

yes

life cycle for A. suum

infective roundworm egg ingested, larvae penetrates GI wall and travels to liver, carried to lungs as L3, coughed up and swallowed, lives as an adult in the SI

PH for A. suum

dung beetles and earthworms

PPP for A. suum

7-9 weeks (one roundworm can lay 2 million eggs/day)

pathology of A. suum

milk spots in liver, young pigs can develop atalectasis (collapse lung) and die

clinical signs for A. suum larvae

moist coughs knowns as “thumps”, rapid, shallow breathing, stunted growth, pyrexia (fever)

clinical signs for A. suum adults

digestive problems, stunted growth, obstruction of GI, pain

diagnosis for A. suum

fecal with sheathers solution, hx of problems on farm, hx of pigs raised on dirt, clinical signs, necropsy

treatment for A. suum

pyrantel tartrate, fenbendazole, ivermectin, doramectin

control for A. suum

keep pigs off of dirt, flame the soil

common name for Cystoisospora suis

swine coccidia

phylum/class for Cystoisospora suis

protozoa- coccidia

can Eimeria be found in fecals for pigs?

yes- if they’re outside hogs

is Eimeria pathogenic in swine?

no

location of Cytoisospora suis

SI

what species does Cytoisospora suis affect?

swine

life cycle of C. suis

just like other coccidia, affects the epithelial cells of the SI, pigs ingest sporulated oocyst off of ground

PPP for C. suis

4-8 days

pathogenesis of C. suis

atrophy of villi of SI

clinical signs of C. suis

pasty, yellow-gray liquid malodorous diarrhea, dehydration at 10 days of age- even when nursing well

diagnosis of C. suis

impression smear of schizonts or merozoites from SI tissue post-mortem, can see the oocysts on fecal sometimes, mortality rate is high (highly infectious!)

treatment for C. suis

proper sanitation, ponazuril (off label- for pet pigs only)

is C. suis zoonotic?

no

common name for Trichuris suis

swine whipworm

phylum/class for Trichuris suis

nemathelminthes- nematoda

location of Trichuris suis

cecum and colon

what species does Truchuris suis affect?

swine

is Trichuris suis zoonotic?

no

life cycle of T. suis

eggs passed in feces, eggs ingested, L1 hatch and penetrate mucosa in the cecum, adults pass eggs

PPP of T. suis

6-7 weeks

clinical signs of T. suis

bloody diarrhea, anemia, anorexia, stunted growth

what is the biggest concern with T. suis?

these eggs are very durable and once there is a large number of eggs in the area, there will be for a long time. they are hard to kill/get rid of

diagnosis for T. suis

fecal float

treatment for T. suis

fenbendazole, levamisole

is Trichinella spiralis zoonotic?

YES

common name for Trichinella spiralis

trichinellosis

phylum/class of T. spiralis

nemathelminthes- nematoda

location of T. spiralis as adults 

SI

location of T. spiralis as larvae

encysted in the muscle

what species does T. spiralis affect?

pigs, humans, all mammals

life cycle of T. spiralis

skeletal muscle eaten, within 5 days, those larvae are adults, adults encyst in GI mucosa and give birth to larva, larvae travel to desired place (skeletal muscle), encyst in intercostal, masseter, diaphragm, lingual muscles (only skeletal) and live there for 11 years!, no life stage outside of the body

how do humans get T. spiralis?

by eating undercooked or uncooked pork or game (wild bear)

what are the 3 phases of clinical signs of T. spiralis in humans?

phase 1: diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain

phase 2: pain from migration of larvae as well as the body’s response to infection

phase 3: chronic pain from encysted larvae (stay there for 11 years!)

diagnosis of T. spiralis

clinical signs, hx of eating pork recently, muscle biopsy, PCR for Trichinella DNA, necropsy, eosinophilia increased CK (enzyme that increases with muscle destruction)

treatment for T. spiralis

treat symptoms

epidemiology for T. spiralis

zoonotic- report to CDC

most common sources of T. spiralis:

non-commercially raised pork, undercooked pork, foreign pork, wild game (hog, bears)

prevention for T. spiralis

cook your pork!, buy commercial pork, freeze pork at 5 degrees F or lower for at least 20 days to kill larvae, internal pork temp must reach 145 degrees F