6.1 to 6.6

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41 Terms

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ecumene
a variety of community types with a range of

population densities.
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Rural areas
farms and villages) with low concentrations of people
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urban areas
cities with high concentrations of people
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settlement
place with a permanent human population.
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urbanization
an ongoing process that does not end once a city is formed.
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Site
describes the characteristics at the immediate

location—for example, physical features, climate, labor force, and human

structures.
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situation
refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places. Examples would include near a gold mine, on the coast, or by the railroad.
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city-state
consisted of an urban center (the city) and its

surrounding territory and agricultural villages.
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urban hearth
area generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils allowed for an agricultural surplus:
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urban area
a central city plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes, and includes the surrounding suburbs.
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city
a higher-density area with territory inside officially recognized political boundaries.
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metropolitan area
A collection of adjacent cities economically connected, across which population density is high and continuous.
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metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
consists of a city of at least 50,000 people, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration, or connection, with the urban core.
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nodal region
Focal point in a matrix of

connections.
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social heterogeneity
meaning that the population of cities, as compared to other areas, contains a greater variety of people.
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time-space compression
the form of transportation improvements, has led to urban growth.
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Borchert's transportation model
He divided urban history into four periods, which he called epochs. Each epoch had profound effects on the local scale related to a city's form (shape), size, density, and spatial arrangement.
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Suburbanization
involves the process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities.
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Sprawl
the rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city and occurs for numerous reasons
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leap-frog development
where developers purchase land and build communities beyond the periphery of the city's built area.
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Boomburbs
rapidly growing communities (over 10 percent per 10 years), have a total population of over 100,000 people and are not the largest city in the metro area.
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edge cities
nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities.
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counter-urbanization or deurbanization
the counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities.
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exurbs
the prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs.
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reurbanization
some suburbanites return to live in the city
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Megacities
have a population of more than 10 million people.
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Metacities
continuous urban area with a population greater than 20 million people

attributes of a network of urban areas that have grown together to form a larger interconnected urban system
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megalopolis
describes a chain of connected cities.
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conurbation,
an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities.
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Nodal cities
command centers on a regional and occasionally national

level.
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urban system
an interdependent set of cities that interact on the

regional, national, and global scale.
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rank-size rule
describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region

may develop.
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Higher-order services
usually expensive, need a large number of people to support, and are only occasionally utilized.
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gravity model
states that larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther from each other.
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central place theory
states that in any given region there can only be one large central city, which is surrounded by a series of smaller cities, towns, and hamlets. The central city provides goods and services that meet the needs of the people living in the smaller communities; furthermore, the people living in the smaller communities provide part of the labor supply and market required by the city.
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threshold
The size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable.
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range
The distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services
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functional zonation
the idea that portions ofan urban area—regions, or zones, within the city—have specific and distinct purposes.
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Central Business District
the focus of transportation and services and the commercial heart of a city.
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periferico
outer ring of the city showing poverty and lack of infrastructure
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residential density gradient.
As one moves farther from the inner city, population and housing-unit density declines, and types of housing change,