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Global Population
Over 8 billion people.
Environmental Impact
Determined by population size and per-person impact.
Kerala Model (India)
A case study demonstrating social justice and full literacy resulting in lower birth rates.
Agricultural Revolution
Transition from hunter-gatherer societies to farming, leading to increased food production and higher birth rates.
Industrial Revolution
Period marked by improved health and sanitation, more than doubling life expectancy since 1800.
Zero population growth
Occurs when birth and death rates equalize.
Crude Birth Rate
Higher in less developed countries.
Crude Death Rate
Generally stable, but higher in aging populations in developed countries.
Demographic Transition Model
Stages of population growth that transitions from high birth and death rates to low rates.
Women's Education
Empowers women and reduces fertility.
Earth's Carrying Capacity
The maximum population an environment can support sustainably.
Ecological Footprint
Reflects resource use and waste production.
Urban Areas
Locations that typically experience the most growth due to migration.
Megacities
Cities with over 10 million people.
Environmental Justice
The concept that everyone should have access to a clean and healthy environment.
Suburban Sprawl
Expansion of low-density developments outside cities leading to increased environmental impact.
Urban Green Spaces
Promote health, reduce crime, support wildlife, and improve air quality.
Smart Growth
Encourages walkable communities and redevelopment of empty lots.
LEED Certification
Certification for green building by the U.S. Green Building Council with multiple levels.
Green Roofs
Helps in reducing cooling costs and greenhouse gas emissions.
Guinea Worm Disease (GWD)
A disease caused by contaminated water resulting in painful blisters.
Environmental Hazards
Threats to human health from pollution, chemicals, and infectious diseases.
Waterborne Diseases
Diseases transmitted through contaminated water, such as GWD.
Chemical Hazards
Substances that can cause harm to human health and the environment.
Public Health Initiatives
Programs aimed at minimizing environmental health risks.
IPAT Model
A formula used to estimate environmental impact based on population, affluence, and technology.
True Cost Accounting
Accounting that incorporates both internal and external costs of environmental impact.
Linear Economic Model
A system where resources are taken, used, and disposed of; leads to waste.
Circular Economic Model
A more sustainable approach that reuses materials and reduces waste.
Mining
The extraction of natural resources, including minerals and fossil fuels.
Ecosystem Services
Processes that sustain life and provide economic value, such as water purification.
Reclamation
The process of restoring a damaged natural area.
Boreal Forest
A coniferous forest found at high latitudes characterized by low temperatures.
Eutrophication
Excess nutrients causing algal blooms and reduced oxygen levels in water.
Point Source Pollution
Pollution from easily identified sources, such as factory discharge.
Watershed Management
Managing water resources in land areas that drain into a body of water.
Montréal Protocol
An international treaty to phase out substances that deplete the ozone layer.
Paris Agreement
International accord aimed at combating climate change through emissions reductions.
Water Footprint
The total amount of water used for producing goods and services.
Desalination
The process of removing salt from seawater to produce fresh water.
