A & P II Heart Anatomy

Blood from the right side of the heart is delivered to:

the lungs

Blood from the left side of the heart is delivered to:

blood to cells throughout the body

Blood from the lungs returns to the __________ side of the heart

left

Blood from systemic veins returns to the ___________ side of the heart.

right

Is blood in the right side of the heart oxygen rich, or oxygen poor?

oxygen poor

Is blood in the left side of the heart oxygen rich, or oxygen poor?

oxygen rich

Name the cavities that the heart is located in (A & P 1)

visceral, thoracic, and pericardial cavity

Which side of the heart is the base, which side is the apex?

bottom is the apex and top is the base

What tissue is the fibrous pericardium made of?

dense irregular connective tissue

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

protects heart and keeps it in place

Which layer of the serous pericardium is on the surface of the heart?

visceral pericardium

Which layer of the serous pericardium lines the compartment for the heart?

parietal

What is in the space between the visceral and parietal pericardium?

pericardial fluid

What is the function of the pericardial fluid?

reduces friction and rubbing of the heart

What is another name for the visceral pericardium (one of the layers of the heart wall)?

epicardium

Which layer secretes the pericardial fluid?

epicardium

List the layers in order from superficial to deep

1. epicardium

2. myocardium

3. endocardium

The epicardium can also be called:

visceral pericardium

What is the function of the epicardium?

cells secret pericardial fluid, protects the heart, and anchors it in place

Which layer is made of cardiac muscle cells?

myocardium

Which layer(s) can contract?

myocardium

The endocardium is continuous with the ______________ which lines blood vessels

endothelium of blood vessels

When the right atrium contracts, which other chamber contracts simultaneously?

left atrium

When the right ventricle contracts, which other chamber contracts simultaneously?

left ventricle

What structure divides the right atrium and the left atrium?

interatrial septum

What structure divides the right ventricle and the left ventricle?

inter ventricular septum

Name three vessels that deliver blood to the right atrium

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

Name the vessel that leaves the right ventricle

pulmonary artery

Name the vessels that return blood to the left atrium

pulmonary veins

Name the vessel the left ventricle pumps blood into

aorta

Parallel ridges of muscle seen inside the atria are:

pectinate muscle

Which atrium is the SA node in?

right atrium

What is the exact location (a specific structure) of the SA node?

crista terminals of the right atrium

Which one is found in a fetus?

foramen ovale

Which one is found in the adult heart?

fossa ovalis

What is the function of the foramen ovale?

allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium

What are the ridges of muscle visible inside the ventricle called?

Trabeculae carnae

Name the muscles which are attached to the chordae tendineae

papillary muscles

Which ventricle has a thicker muscle wall, left or right?

left

Why is this difference of muscle thickness present?

b/c the left ventricle helps to deliver blood to the cells of the entire body instead of just to the lungs

Name the two semilunar (SL) valves

aortic and pulmonary

Which valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

tricuspid valve

Which valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?

pulmonary valve

Which valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle?

bicuspid (mitral) valve

Which valve is between the left ventricle and aorta?

aortic valve

Which AV valve has 3 flaps?

tricuspid

Which AV valve has 2 flaps?

bicuspid

What is another name for the bicuspid valve?

mitral valve

What types of fibers are the chordae tendineae made of?

collagen

Which valves are the chordae tendineae attached to?

the atrioventricular valves

Do semilunar valves have chordae tendineae?

no

Does contraction of papillary muscles help close the valves?

Yes

What is the function of papillary muscles

It helps keeps the valves closed. Prevents blow back into atrium when ventricle contracts hard.

Which makes a sound? Valve opening or valve closing?

valve closing

The closure of which valves makes the first heart sound "Lub"?

when the A/V valves close

The closure of which valves makes the second heart sound "Dup"?

semilunar valves close

What has happened to the valve in stenosis?

is a when a valve becomes stiff, restricting flow through the valve

What is the cause of a heart murmur?

will be produced by turbulent movement of blood through abnormal valve

Name the structure that delivers blood from coronary circulation to right atrium:

the venae cavae

Right coronary artery branches into:

right marginal and posterior inter ventricular artery

Left coronary artery branches into:

anterior interventricular and circumflex artery

Are cardiac muscle cells striated?

yes

What are the connections between cardiac muscle cells called?

intercalated discs

What types of cell to cell connections are found in an intercalated disc?

functional syncytium

Why do cardiac muscle cells need a lot of mitochondria?

need a lot of ATP and need to be able to make ATP to prevent muscle fatigue since the heart cannot stop

Is the sarcoplasmic reticulum the same size as skeletal muscle cells?

no smaller

What is the function of myoglobin?

stores O2 for emergencies

What we call a "normal" ECG is recorded from which lead?

lead 2

When you see the p wave, which tissue of the heart is depolarizing?

atria

If a muscle cell depolarizes, will the muscle cell contract or relax?

contract

When you see the P wave, which area(s) of the heart will contract?

atria

Why is there a pause at the P-Q segment?

impulse is delayed at the AV node

When you see the QRS complex, which area of the heart is depolarizing?

ventricle

When you see the QRS complex, which area(s) of the heart will contract?

ventricle

If a muscle cell repolarizes back to RMP, will the muscle cell contract or relax?

relax

When you see the T wave, which area of the heart is repolarizing?

ventricle

When you see the T wave, which area(s) of the heart will relax?

ventricle

During which wave do the atria repolarize and relax?

QRS

A joining of blood vessels is a(n):

Anastomosis

An alternative pathway created by an anastomosis is a:

Collateral

Temporary insufficient blood supply is called:

Ischemia

Transient chest pain from ischemia is called:

angina pectoris

Death of heart tissue due to a blockage in blood supply is called:

Infarction

Myocardial infarction is the correct term for a:

heart attack

Which type of cells can depolarize automatically?

auto rhythmic

Which type of cells do the contacting and squeezing?

contractile

List the parts of the heart that have autorhythmic cells (the parts of the intrinsic conduction pathway).

-SA node

-AV node

-Bundle branches of His

-Purkinje fibers

Which part of the intrinsic conduction pathway acts as the pace maker?

SA node

What is RMP in contractile cardiac muscle cells?

-90mV

Opening of which channels cause the initial depolarization?

Sodium Channels

During the plateau phase, which channels are open and which ion is flowing into the cell?

calcium flows in from outside and is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which channels open to cause repolarization back to RMP?

Calcium channels close and potassium channels open Repolarization

So calcium for cardiac muscle cell comes from two sources, name them.

the small ER in cells and coming in from outside of the cell

Can the cell have another action potential during absolute refractory period?

no

Can the cell have another action potential during relative refractory period?

yes

Do cardiac muscle cells ever get complete (fused) tetanus?

no

Do autorhythmic cells have a steady RMP?

no

What types of leaky channels are present in an autorhythmic cell?

NA+ leaky channels

The fact that the membrane potential always drifts to threshold is called the ___________________ potential.

pacemaker

Which action potential lasts longer, skeletal or cardiac muscle cell?

cardiac muscle cells