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Thirty Years' War
A European conflict from 1618 to 1648, primarily fought in the Holy Roman Empire; involved numerous states and was largely a religious struggle between Catholics and Protestants.
Peace of Westphalia
The series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648, marking a turning point in European political and religious conflicts.
War of the Austrian Succession
Fought from 1740 to 1748, it was a conflict over the control of the Habsburg territories after the death of Emperor Charles VI.
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
The treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, restoring the status quo ante bellum.
War of the Spanish Succession
A major conflict from 1701 to 1714 over who should succeed to the Spanish throne, resulting in significant territorial losses for Spain.
Treaty of Utrecht
The 1713 treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, redistributing territories among European powers.
Seven Years' War
Fought from 1756 to 1763, it is often considered the first global war, involving all the great powers of the time; it had significant impacts on both Europe and colonial empires.
Treaty of Paris (1763)
The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War, resulting in France losing much of its colonial territory in North America.
Habsburg Monarchy
A major European power that ruled over Austria and many other territories, involved in several key conflicts including the War of the Austrian Succession.
Cardinal Richelieu
Chief Minister to Louis XIII of France, he played a crucial role in the Thirty Years' War by supporting the Protestant states to weaken the Habsburgs.
Battle of Rocroi
A key battle in 1643 during the Thirty Years' War that marked the decline of Spanish military power.
Frederick II of Prussia
King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, he was a key figure in the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War.
Maria Theresa
The only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions; her accession to the throne sparked the War of the Austrian Succession.
Thirty Years' War
A European conflict from 1618 to 1648, primarily fought in the Holy Roman Empire; involved numerous states and was largely a religious struggle between Catholics and Protestants.
Peace of Westphalia
The series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648, marking a turning point in European political and religious conflicts.
War of the Austrian Succession
Fought from 1740 to 1748, it was a conflict over the control of the Habsburg territories after the death of Emperor Charles VI.
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
The treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, restoring the status quo ante bellum.
War of the Spanish Succession
A major conflict from 1701 to 1714 over who should succeed to the Spanish throne, resulting in significant territorial losses for Spain.
Treaty of Utrecht
The 1713 treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, redistributing territories among European powers.
Seven Years' War
Fought from 1756 to 1763, it is often considered the first global war, involving all the great powers of the time; it had significant impacts on both Europe and colonial empires.
Treaty of Paris (1763)
The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War, resulting in France losing much of its colonial territory in North America.
Habsburg Monarchy
A major European power that ruled over Austria and many other territories, involved in several key conflicts including the War of the Austrian Succession.
Cardinal Richelieu
Chief Minister to Louis XIII of France, he played a crucial role in the Thirty Years' War by supporting the Protestant states to weaken the Habsburgs.
Battle of Rocroi
A key battle in 1643 during the Thirty Years' War that marked the decline of Spanish military power.
Frederick II of Prussia
King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, he was a key figure in the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War.
Maria Theresa
The only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions; her accession to the throne sparked the War of the Austrian Succession.
Spanish Armada
A large fleet sent by Spain in 1588 to invade England, ultimately defeated, altering the balance of naval power.
Treaty of Paris (1763)
The agreement that concluded the Seven Years' War between Great Britain, France, and Spain, reshaping colonial territories.
Glorious Revolution
The bloodless overthrow of King James II of England in 1688, leading to the establishment of constitutional monarchy.
War of the Roses
A series of civil wars in England between 1455 and 1487 for control of the throne, primarily fought between the houses of Lancaster and York.
Battle of Blore Heath
An early battle in the War of the Roses, fought in 1459, showcasing the shifting allegiances of noble houses.
Stuart Restoration
The period from 1660 to 1688 when the monarchy was restored under Charles II following the English Civil War.
Battle of Naseby
A decisive battle in 1645 during the English Civil War, resulting in a significant victory for the Parliamentarians.
Treaty of Dover
A secret treaty in 1670 between Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France, leading to English support in the Franco-Dutch War.
Burgundian Wars
Conflicts in the late 15th century over power and territory in the Burgundian Netherlands, leading to Habsburg dominance.
Partitions of Poland
The division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century among Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
Napoleonic Wars
A series of conflicts from 1803 to 1815 involving Napoleon Bonaparte’s French Empire against various European coalitions.
Battle of Waterloo
The 1815 battle marked the final defeat of Napoleon, leading to his exile and the end of the Napoleonic Wars.
Congress of Vienna
The conference held in 1814-1815 to restore Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, aimed at redrawing national borders.
Silesian Wars
A series of wars between Prussia and Austria in the 18th century over the province of Silesia.
Russo-Turkish Wars
A series of conflicts between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire from the late 17th to early 20th centuries.
Franco-Prussian War
A conflict between 1870-1871 that led to the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership.
Treaty of Frankfurt
The 1871 treaty that ended the Franco-Prussian War, resulting in the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany.
White Terror
A period of violence in post-revolution France (1814-1815) against revolutionaries and perceived threats.
Papal States
A series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope, until their annexation in the 19th century.
War of the Triple Alliance
A war from 1864 to 1870 involving Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay against Paraguay.
Balkan Wars
Two conflicts in 1912 and 1913 that involved several Balkan states seeking to gain territory from the Ottoman Empire.
Absolute Monarchy
A form of government where the monarch has absolute power over the state and government, prevalent in Europe during the 18th century.
Enlightened Despotism
A form of absolute monarchy inspired by the Enlightenment, where rulers implemented reforms based on rationality and progress, such as Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine the Great.
Eastern Question
A diplomatic and political problem posed by the decline of the Ottoman Empire, affecting European power dynamics in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Hohenzollern Dynasty
The royal dynasty that ruled Prussia and later the German Empire, known for its expansionist policies during the 18th century.
Catherine the Great
Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796, known for her extensive reforms and territorial expansion, embodying the principles of enlightened despotism.
Louis XIV
The King of France from 1643 to 1715, his reign was characterized by the centralization of power and the establishment of absolute monarchy.
Spanish Bourbon Reforms
A series of reforms in the Spanish Empire in the 18th century aimed at increasing efficiency and control in colonial administration.
Austrian War of Succession
The 1740-1748 conflict triggered by the death of Emperor Charles VI and the contested succession of Maria Theresa.
Saxon Wars
Conflicts during the 18th century involving Prussia's struggle to assert dominance over Saxony, reflecting the broader German political divisions.
Partition of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795)
A series of divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between Russia, Prussia, and Austria, leading to Poland's disappearance as a state.
Centralization of Power
Louis XIV established a bureaucratic system that concentrated power in the monarchy, reducing the influence of nobles.
Versailles
Louis XIV built the Palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal authority and to keep the nobility close, ensuring their loyalty.
Mercantilism
Louis XIV implemented mercantilist policies to strengthen France's economy by increasing state control over trade and industry.
Intendants
Royal officials appointed by Louis XIV to oversee provinces, diminishing the power of local nobility and enforcing royal authority.
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685)
Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, ending religious tolerance for Huguenots, consolidating his control by enforcing Catholic uniformity.
Military Expansion
Louis XIV built a strong standing army, using it to project French power in Europe and suppress dissent at home.
Cultural Patronage
Louis XIV promoted the arts, using cultural patronage to glorify his reign and promote the image of an absolute monarch.
Code Louis
A unified legal code established during his reign, centralizing legal authority under the crown.
Colbertism
Policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, emphasizing state intervention in the economy, which aimed to enhance royal power through economic control.
