SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL, MANAGEMENT AND FACILITIES

SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

The process of collecting, treating and disposing of solid material that has reached the end of its useful life.

SOLID WASTE

refers to all discarded household, commercial waste, non hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweeping, construction debris, agricultural waste and other nonhazardous and non-toxic solid waste.

(1) Municipal solid waste (MSW)

(2) Hazardous waste

(3) Industrial waste

(4) Electronic waste (e-waste)

(5) Construction and demolition waste

TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW)

More commonly known as trash or garbage—consists of everyday items we use and then throw away, such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries. This comes from our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses.

HAZARDOUS WASTE

A waste with properties that make it dangerous or capable of having a harmful effect on human health or the environment. This type of waste is generated from many sources, ranging from industrial manufacturing process wastes to batteries and may come in many forms, including liquids, solids gases, and sludges.

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

The waste materials generated by industries or industrial processes that includes chemicals, trash, oils, solvents, dirt and gravel, many harmful gases etc.

ELECTRONIC WASTE / E-waste, or electrical waste

electronic products that are nearing the end of their useful-life and are discarded. Computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers and fax machines are common electronic waste that can be reused, refurbished or even recycled.

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE

A term used to describe materials that are generated during the construction or demolition process.

COMPOSTABLE WASTES

biodegradable wastes such as food waste, garden waste, animal waste and human waste

RECYCLABLE WASTES

refer to any waste material retrieved from the waste stream and free from contamination that can still be converted into suitable beneficial use.

RESIDUAL WASTES

solid waste materials that are non-compostable and non-recyclable. It should be disposed ecologically through a long-term disposal facility or sanitary landfill.

SPECIAL WASTES

refer to household hazardous wastes.

COMPOSTING

a biological process in which the organic portion of refuse is allowed to decompose under carefully controlled conditions.

OPEN BURNING

a disposal method of waste or garbage that is used globally, but often used in low and middle-income countries that lack adequate waste disposal infrastructure.

SEA DUMPING

can be carried out only in coastal cities. This is very costly procedure and not environment friendly

INCINERATION

Suitable for combustible refuse. High operation costs and construction are involved in this procedure. This method would be suited in crowded cities where sites for land filling are not available.

BIOGAS GENERATION

Converting the waste into biogas through anaerobic digestion.

Anaerobic digestion

a chemical process in which organic matter is broken down by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, which results in the generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4).

methane gas

A gas produced during anaerobic digestion that may be collected and used directly as a fuel for cooking or heating, or it can be burned to generate electricity.

SANITARY LANDFIL

In this procedure, layers are compressed with some mechanical equipment and covered with earth, leveled, and compacted. A deep trench of 3 to 5 m is excavated and microorganisms act on the organic matter and degrade them.

MATERIALS RECOVERY FACILITY (MRF)

facility that receives commingled materials and separates out and bales the recyclables.

COMPOSTING FACILITY

facilities that focus on organic waste, converting it into valuable compost. While this process enriches soil and minimizes landfill reliance, managing odors and specific waste types poses challenges.

ENERGY FROM WASTE (EFW) PLANTS FACILITY

Waste-to-energy-plants utilize combustion to generate electricity from waste. This method addresses waste volume concerns and provides energy, but emissions and ash disposal require careful management

HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT CENTER

These center handle hazardous waste, employing specialized techniques to neutralize or contain harmful materials. While crucial for public safety, their high cost and complexity present challenges.

WASTE TRANSFER STATION

serve as intermediate points for collecting and consolidating municipal solid waste before transportation to disposal or waste processing facilities. While enhancing transport efficiency and reducing collection costs, these stations may pose challenges related to odors and potential environmental impact.

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION (C&D) WASTE RECYCLING FACILITY

focuses on the reuse of materials from construction and demolition activities, minimizing landfill waste and promoting resource recovery. However, challenges in sorting and transportation persist.

E-WASTE RECYCLING FACILITY

facilities that address the growing issue of electronic waste, disassembling and recycling electronic components. While promoting resource recovery, the complexity of processes and potential data security concerns pose challenges.

PLASTIC TO FUEL CONVERSION FACILITIES

facilities that address plastic waste by transforming it into usable fuels while contributing to resource recovery and reducing plastic pollution, the energy-intensive processes and limitations in processing certain plastic types are notable challenges.

2.01 billion tons ; 33

The world generates _____________ of municipal solid waste annually, with at least ____ percent of that—extremely conservatively—not managed in an environmentally safe manner.

0.11 ; 4.54

Worldwide, waste generated per person per day averages 0.74 kilogram but ranges widely, from ___ to ___kilograms.

55, 000

As per the Philippines, it generates _______tons of wastes per day with 0.32 kg per capita in rural areas and 0.7 kg per capita in urban areas.

Waste collection

a part of the process of waste management. It is the transfer of solid waste from the point of use and disposal to the point of treatment or landfill.

personal protective equipment (PPE)

All collectors and other personnel directly dealing with collection of solid waste shall be equipped with _______________________ to protect them from the hazards of handling solid wastes. (RA 9003)

Waste segregation

This separates different types of waste so that it can be recycled or disposed of more effectively. Through this, we can reduce the amount of waste that goes to landfill and recycle more materials.

Recycling

the recovery and reuse of materials from wastes. It serves as a useful purpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfill a particular function. All in all it is an integrated approach to solid waste management that also includes reducing the amount of waste produced, composting , incinerating, and landfilling.

Biological Treatment

A process that has some attractive benefits such as reduced volume in the waste material, adjustment of the waste, economic aspects, obliteration of microorganisms in the waste material, and creation of biogas for energy use.

ANAEROBIC PROCESS

Process whose utilized product is energy recovery

AEROBIC PROCESS

Process whose utilized product is compost. These techniques are used to convert MSW into a reasonable hotspot for resource and energy recovery that produces biogas, biofuel and bioelectricity and different results in without risk and harmless to the ecosystem.

Thermal treatment

A process that involves the use of heat to treat waste.

OPEN-BURNING

has been practiced by a number of urban centres because it reduces the volume of refuse received at the dump and release the gaseous by products directly into the atmosphere.

INCINERATION

the process in which the burning of solid waste is takes place in large furnace. At the end of the process the wastes are converted to carbon dioxide, water vapour and ash.