Exercise Physiology Entrance Exam AP review

Which ion is primarily responsible for the depolarization phase of an action potential?

a. potassium

b. sodium

c. calcium

d. chloride

b. sodium … is responsible for the depolarization phase of an action potential

The resting membrane potential of most neurons is approximately…

a. +30mV'

b. -70mV

c. -90mV

d. 0mV

b. -70mV … is the resting membrane potential of most neurons

Which part of the neuron receives incoming signals from other neurons?

a. axon terminal

b. dendrite

c. myelin sheath

d. node of Ranvier

b. dendrite … receives incoming signals from other neurons

Repolarization of a neuron occurs because of…

a. sodium influx

b. potassium efflux

c. calcium influx

d. chloride efflux

b. potassium efflux … causes repolarization of a neuron

Myelin sheaths increase conduction speed by:

a. continuous conduction

b. saltatory conduction

c. increasing neurotransmitter release

d. increasing sodium pump activity

b. saltatory conduction … increases myelin sheath conduction speed

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

a. dopamine

b. acetylcholine

c. epinephrine

d. serotonin

b. acetylcholine …is released at the neuromuscular junction

The refractory period (neuron) ensures:

a. continuous conduction in both directions

b. one-way transmission of action potentials

c. faster neurotransmitter release

d. hyperpolarization never occurs

b. one-way transmission of action potentials… is ensured by the refractory period, during hyperpolarization

Calcium entry into the axon terminal directly triggers:

a. action potential generation

b. neurotransmitter release

c. repolarization

d. ion pump activation

b. neurotransmitter release… is directly caused by calcium entering the axon terminal

Which glial cells form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

a. schwann cells

b. astrocytes

c. oligodendrocytes

d. microglia

c. oligodendrocytes … form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (schwann is pns)

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) typically results from:

a. sodium efflux

b. potassium efflux or chloride influx

c. calcium influx

d. potassium influx

b. potassium efflux or chloride influx …causes an IPSP to occur

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the systemic circulation?

a. right atrium

b. right ventricle

c. left atrium

d. left ventricle

d. left ventricle …pumps blood into the systemic circulation

Which valve prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium?

a. tricuspid valve

b. pulmonary valve

c. mitral valve

d. aortic valve

c. mitral valve …prevents backflow of blood into left atrium

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

a. pulmonary artery

b. pulmonary vein

c. aorta

d. superior vena cava

b. pulmonary vein… arries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

The pacemaker of the heart is the:

a. AV node

b purkinje fibers

c. SA node

d. bundle of His

c. SA node …is the pacemaker of the heart

The QRS complex on an ECG represents:

a. atrial depolarization

b. ventricular depolarization

c. ventricular repolarization

d. atrial repolarization

b. ventricular depolarization …is represented by the QRS complex

Which blood vessel type has the greatest ability to regulate blood flow by constriction and dilation?

a. arteries

b. veins

c. arterioles

d. capillaries

c. arterioles … have the greatest ability to regulate blood flow by constriction and dilation

Stroke volume is defined as:

a. heart rate x cardiac output

b. end-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume

c. venous return x heart rate

d. systolic / diastolic pressure

b. end-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume …is stroke volume

Baroreceptors that help regulate blood pressure are located in the:

a. aorta and carotid sinuses

b. left ventricle and atria

c. coronary arteries

d. pulmonary veins

a. aorta and carotid sinuses …are where the baroreceptors that help regulate blood pressure are located

Which blood component is primarily responsible for oxygen transport?

a. white blood cells

b. plasma

c. platelets

d. red blood cells

d. red blood cells …is primarily responsible for oxygen transport

Which hormone increases red blood cell production?

a. insulin

b. erythropoietin

c. aldosterone

d. cortisol

b. erythropoietin …is the hormone that increases red blood cell production

The primary muscle of inspiration is the:

a. intercostals

b. abdominals

c. diaphragm

d. sternocleidomastoid

c. diaphragm …is the primary muscle of inspiration

Which law describes the inverse relationship between gas volume and pressure?

a. Dalton’s law

b. Boyle’s law

c. Henry’s law

d. Fick’s law

b. Boyle’s law …describes the inverse relationship between gas volume and pressure

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs at the:

a. bronchi

b. bronchioles

c. alveoli

d. trachea

c. alveoli …is where gas exchange in the lungs occurs

Which lung volume represents the amount of air moved in or out during normal breathing?

a. tidal volume

b. residual volume

c. inspiratory reserve volume

d. vital capacity

a. tidal volume …represents the amount of air moved in or out during normal breathing

The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as:

a. dissolved CO2

b. carbaminohemoglobin

c. bicarbonate ion

d. carbonic acid

c. bicarbonate ion …is what the majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

Hyperventilation typically causes:

a. increased CO2 and respiratory acidosis

b. decreased CO2 and respiratory alkalosis

c. increased O2 saturation and acidosis

d. decreased O2 saturation and alkalosis

b. decreased CO2 and respiratory alkalosis …is caused by hyperventilation

Which chemoreceptors detect changes in blood CO2 and pH?

a. peripheral chemoreceptors

b. central chemoreceptors

c. both peripheral and central chemoreceptors

d. none

c. both peripheral and central chemoreceptors …detect changes in blood CO2 and pH?

Surfactant in the lungs functions to:

a. increase gas diffusion

b. reduce alveolar surface tension

c. promote mucous secretion

d. enhance ciliary action

b. reduce alveolar surface tension …is the function of surfactant in the lungs

Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

a. glottis

b. epiglottis

c. larynx

d. pharynx

b. epiglottis …prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing

The respiratory control center is located in the:

a. cerebellum

b. medulla oblongata

c. thalamus

d. hypothalamus

b. medulla oblongata …is where the respiratory control center is located in

The functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the:

a. sarcolemma

b. myofibril

c. sarcomere

d. sarcoplasmic reticulum

c. sarcomere …is the functional unit of skeletal muscle fiber

Which protein blocks the myosin-binding site on actin when the muscle is relaxed?

a. troponin

b. tropomyosin

c. titin

d. dystrophin

b. tropomyosin …blocks the myosin-binding site on actin when the muscle is relaxed

Which ion binds to troponin to initiate contraction?

a. sodium

b. potassium

c. calcium

d. magnesium

c. calcium …binds to troponin to initiate contraction

Which connective tissue layer surrounds an entire muscle?

a. endomysium

b. perimysium

c. epimysium

d. sarcolemma

c. epimysium …connective tissue layer surrounds an entire muscle

Which type of muscle fiber has the greatest fatigue resistance?

a. type I

b. type IIa

c. type IIx

d. type IIb

a. type I …muscle fiber has the greatest fatigue resistance

Osteoclasts are responsible for:

a. bone formation

b. bone reabsorption

c. cartilage production

d. collagen synthesis

b. bone reabsorption …is what osteoclasts are responsible for

Which part of the long bone contains red bone marrow in adults?

a. diaphysis

b. epiphysis

c. medullary cavity

d. periosteum

d. periosteum (ends) …is the part of the long bone that contains red bone marrow in adults

The Achilles tendon attaches the gastrocnemius and soleus to which bone?

a. tibia

b. fibula

c. calcaneus

d. talus

c. calcaneus …is attached to the gastrocnemius and soleus via Achilles tendon

Which joint type allows the greatest range of motion?

a. hinge

b. ball-and-socket

c. pivot

d. saddle

b. ball-and-socket …allows for greatest range of motion

Which is an example of an isometric contraction?

a. holding a plank

b. bicep curl upward phase

c. lowering a dumbbell slowly

d. jumping

a. holding a plank …is an example of an isometric contraction

Which division of the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate and blood pressure?

a. somatic

b. sympathetic

c. parasympathetic

d. central

b. sympathetic …is the division of the nervous system that increases heart rate and blood pressure

Which part of the brain regulates balance and coordination?

a. cerebrum

b. cerebellum

c. medulla

d. hypothalamus

b. cerebellum …is the part of the brain that regulates balance and coordination (back of brain)

The hypothalamus primarily communicates with the endocrine system via the:

a. thyroid gland

b. pituitary gland

c. adrenal gland

d. pineal gland

b. pituitary gland …is how the hypothalamus primarily communicates with the endocrine system

Which hormone lowers blood glucose?

a. glucagon

b. insulin

c. cortisol

d. epinephrine

b. insulin …is the hormone that lowers blood glucose

Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?

a. insulin

b. cortisol

c. aldosterone

d. ADH

c. aldosterone …is the hormone that increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys

The “fight or flight” response is mediated primarily by:

a. insulin and glucagon

b. epinephrine and norepinephrine

c. growth hormone and cortisol

d. ADH and aldosterone

b. epinephrine and norepinephrine …primarily mediate the “fight or flight” response

Which lobe of the brain contains the primary motor cortex?

a. parietal

b. temporal

c. frontal

d. occipital

c. frontal …lobe of the brain contains the primary motor cortex

Which sensory receptor detects muscle stretch?

a. golgi tendon organ

b. muscle spindle

c. pacinian corpuscle

d. free nerve ending

b. muscle spindle …is the sensory receptor that detects muscle stretch

The thyroid hormone that increases basal metabolic rate is:

a. calcitonin

b. thyroxine (T4)

c. parathyroid hormone

d. triiodothyronine (T3)

both b. thyroxine (T4) and d. triiodothyronine (T3) increase basal metabolic rate

Which structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

a. corpus callosum

b. thalamus

c. hypothalamus

d. midbrain

a. corpus callosum …is the structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres