ATP and Metabolism

metabolic pathways

energy can be released and transformed by

metabolic pathways

A series of separate, intermediate reactions

Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

Controlled by one or few key enzymes that can be inhibited or activated

metabolic pathways

energy can be released and transformed by

metabolic pathways

A series of separate, intermediate reactions

Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

Controlled by one or few key enzymes that can be inhibited or activated

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

main energy currency in cells

exergonic

Energy released by ______ reactions is stored in bonds of ATP

hydrolyzed

endergonic

when ATP is _____, free energy is released to drive _____ reactions

energy

Synthesis of ATP from ADP and P_i requires

condensation

exergonic reactions release energy that is used to drive the __________ of ADP+P_i to make ATP

drive an exergonic reaction

energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP to P_i can then be used to do what?

it adds energy

how does adding a third phosphate group (phosphorylation) impact energy?

releases energy

removing the phosphate group (hydrolysis) does what to energy?

recharged and reused

ATP can be ______ and _____

quickly

10 M molecules of ATP every second

cells can make and break ATP extremely ____

ATP releases energy to endergonic reactions

How is ATP used by the cell?

Amino acids

are produced from the metabolism of proteins

monosaccharides

are produced from the metabolism of carbohydrates

fatty acids

are produced from the metabolism of fats

Pyruvate and acetyl-CoA

are generally metabolized in the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

cancer cells

are dependent on much higher rates of glucose uptake

cancer cells

this is an example of aerobic glycolysis

deviate glycolysis oxidation to lactate production even in the presence of oxygen

glucose

metabolized via glycolysis, leading to pyruvate which can be reduced to lactate

they enter via pyruvate dehydrogenation as acetyl-CoA

what is the process of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA entrance into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

ATP

energy released during respiration is conserved as

mitochondria

have an outer membrane, which allows the passage of most small molecules and ions

ATP synthesis located in or on inner membrane of mitochondria

what are electron- transferring molecules of respiratory chain and enzymes responsible for?

enzymes of TCA (krebs cycle)a

what is inside the space of mitochondrial matrix

Electron carrier molecules are arranged in electron transport chains that produce ATP and NADPH, which temporarily store chemical energy

The light reactions capture energy from sunlight, which they change to chemical energy that is stored in molecules of NADPH and ATP

Light reactions release oxygen gas as a waste product

The Calvin cycle reactions use chemical energy from NADPH and ATP that were produced in the light reactions

ATP formation during photosynthesis

chemical

mechanical

transport

what are the three uses of ATP?

chemical use of ATP

enzymes oversee the transfer of energy from ATP hydrolysis to the formation of another chemical bond

Enzyme transfers AMP to AMINO ACID. Two phosphate groups are released 

Enzyme transfers bond to tRNA

Charged tRNA and AMP are released

steps of chemical use for ATP

mechanical use of ATP

hydrolysis of ATP to ADP causes a conformational change- the protein changes shape- that generates a mechanical force

ATP binds to MYOSIN

MYOSIN releases ACTIN

ATP hydrolyzes

MYOSIN bind new ACTIN

Releasing phosphate group powers the cranking motion of myosin, which in turn moves the actin along

ADP is released, cycle begins again

steps of mechanical use for ATP

transport use of ATP

ATP in the sodium-potassium pump

pump binds to ATP and CALCIUM ION

phosphate is transferred to pump, ADP is released, and Ca++ moves out of cell

phosphate is released and pump returns to original position

steps of transport use of ATP

yes

is ATP a nucleotide

UTP and CTP and GTP

(guanine triphosphate)

(cytosine triphosphate)

uridine triphosphate)

ATP does not only store energy, but it also stores

RNA polymerases link them into long chains to make messenger, transfer, ribosomal, and other types of RNA

what links building blocks of RNA?

GTP

___can also be used to hold and transfer energy

glycolysis (first stage)

pyruvate oxidation (second stage)

citric acid cycle (third stage)

oxidative phosphorylation (fourth stage)

Carbohydrate Catabolism stages

no, aerobic reaction

does glycolysis require oxygen?

Results in formation of Acetyl CoA

Important in the citric acid cycle

Does not produce ATP but sets the stage for its production in the next stages

what occurs during pyruvate oxidation (carbohydrate catabolism)

Releases carbon dioxide as a byproduct

Two ATP molecules

further oxidizes pyruvate to get more energy

what happens during citric acid cycle (carbohydrate catabolism)

electrons are passed from one protein complex to another to reach final complex

Oxygen molecules accept four protons or hydrogen ions to create water molecules as a byproduct 

Wants to generate more ATP

what occurs during oxidative