Biology Lecture Notes: Cell Biology to Bioenergetics

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering cell structure, transport, organisation, infection, and bioenergetics based on the lecture notes.

Nucleus

A part of the cell that controls cell activities.

Cytoplasm

The site within the cell where chemical reactions happen.

Cell membrane

The structure that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Mitochondria

The site of aerobic respiration within a cell.

Ribosomes

The cellular site for protein synthesis.

Cell wall

A structure made of cellulose that strengthens plant cells.

Permanent vacuole

A plant cell component that contains cell sap.

Chloroplasts

The site of photosynthesis in plant cells.

Sperm cell

A specialised cell with a tail and many mitochondria adapted for fertilisation.

Nerve cell

A specialised cell with a long axon used to carry impulses.

Root hair cell

A specialised cell with a large surface area for absorbing water and minerals.

Xylem cell

Hollow tubes that transport water; made of dead cells with lignin walls.

Phloem cell

Sieve tubes used for the transport of dissolved sugars (translocation).

Magnification Formula

$$\text{Magnification} = \text{Image Size} \times \text{Real Size}$$

Millimeter to Micrometer Conversion

$$1\,mm = 1000\,\mu m$$

Mitosis

Cell division that produces $2$ genetically identical diploid cells for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

Interphase

The stage where DNA has been copied before mitosis but remains uncondensed inside one nucleus.

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells that can become different cell types; sourced from embryos, adults, or plant meristems.

Diffusion

Net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration.

Osmosis

The movement of water through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution.

Active Transport

The movement of substances against a concentration gradient (low to high concentration) requiring energy from respiration.

Levels of Organisation

$$\text{Cells} \rightarrow \text{Tissues} \rightarrow \text{Organs} \rightarrow \text{Organ Systems} \rightarrow \text{Organism}$$

Amylase

A type of carbohydrase enzyme that breaks carbohydrates into sugars.

Proteases

Enzymes, such as pepsin, that break proteins into amino acids.

Lipases

Enzymes that break lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

Enzyme Denaturation

Occurs when temperature is too high, leading to a change in the enzyme's shape so it no longer functions.

Iodine Test

A food test for starch that yields a blue-black positive result.

Benedict's Test

A food test requiring heat used for sugar that yields a brick red positive result.

Biuret Test

A food test for protein that yields a purple positive result.

Emulsion Test

A food test for lipids that yields a cloudy white positive result.

Double circulatory system

A system where blood travels from the heart to the lungs and back, and then from the heart to the body and back.

Artery

A blood vessel with thick walls that carries blood under high pressure.

Vein

A blood vessel with valves that carries blood under low pressure.

Capillary

A blood vessel with thin walls adapted for diffusion.

Platelets

A component of blood responsible for blood clotting.

Statins

A treatment for coronary heart disease used to manage fatty deposits in arteries.

Pathogens

Microorganisms that cause disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists.

HIV

A virus that attacks the immune system and can lead to AIDS.

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

A plant virus that causes a mosaic leaf pattern and reduces photosynthesis.

Salmonella

A type of bacteria that causes food poisoning.

Malaria

A disease caused by a protist spread by mosquitoes.

Phagocytosis

A process where white blood cells engulf pathogens.

Vaccination

The introduction of weakened/dead pathogens to stimulate antibody production and memory cells for a faster future response.

Antibiotics

Medicines, such as penicillin, that kill bacteria but not viruses.

Aspirin

A drug traditionally sourced from plants.

Monoclonal Antibodies

Antibodies produced from a single clone of cells, used for pregnancy tests and diagnosing disease.

Photosynthesis Symbol Equation

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$$

Aerobic Respiration Word Equation

$$\text{Glucose} + \text{Oxygen} \rightarrow \text{Carbon dioxide} + \text{Water}$$

Anaerobic Respiration (Animals)

$$\text{Glucose} \rightarrow \text{Lactic acid}$$

Anaerobic Respiration (Plants & Yeast)

$$\text{Glucose} \rightarrow \text{Ethanol} + \text{Carbon dioxide}$$