African American History Exam #2

Jim Crow

discrimination against black people enforced by law especially in southern US

Plessy v Ferguson

was a landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.

Wilmington Insurrection (1898)

white supremacist-led coup, where a mob killed dozens of African Americans, took control of the city, and ended Black political power

pan-africanism

idea that all African countries and people of African descent should unite and work together. It aims to fight racism, promote equality, and support each other’s growth

national association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP)

is a civil rights organization founded in 1909 to fight for the rights of African Americans and eliminate racial discrimination through legal challenges and advocacy

great migration

movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West, seeking better economic opportunities and escaping racial segregation.

red summer

refers to the summer of 1919 marked by widespread racial violence and riots across the United States, primarily affecting African American communities.

new negro

term used during the Harlem Renaissance that encouraged a renewed sense of racial pride among African Americans, emphasizing self-respect and social equality.

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

a black nationalist organization founded in 1914, promoting racial pride, economic independence, and the establishment of an African homeland

Harlem Renaissance

a cultural, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem during the 1920s, celebrating African American heritage and creativity.

March on Washington Movement (1941)

a campaign reaching for jobs and freedom, during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

Executive Order 8802 (1941)

prohibited racial discrimination in the defense industry and established the Fair Employment Practices Committee.

Double V campaign

a movement during World War II advocating for victory against fascism abroad and racial equality at home.

Morgan v. Virginia (1946)

a landmark Supreme Court case that ruled segregation on interstate buses was unconstitutional, reinforcing civil rights.

Executive Order 9981 (1948)

an order that desegregated the armed forces, promoting equality within the military.

Brown v Board of Education

a landmark Supreme Court case in 1954 that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.

Montgomery bus boycott

a political and social protest against racial segregation on public buses in Montgomery, Alabama, sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest in 1955.

Little Rock Nine

a group of nine African American students who enrolled at Little Rock Central High School in 1957, facing violent opposition and requiring federal intervention to ensure their right to attend.

Greensboro Four

a group of four African American college students who staged a sit-in at a segregated lunch counter, which became a pivotal event in the Civil Rights Movement.

Freedom Rides

a series of bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals and challenge racial discrimination.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and ended segregation in schools and public places. lackB

Black Nationalism

a political and social movement advocating for the self-determination and empowerment of Black people, often emphasizing a return to African roots and culture.

Mississippi Freedom Summer Project

a campaign launched in 1964 to increase voter registration among African Americans in Mississippi, highlighting the struggle for civil rights.

Voting Rights Act (1965)

of 1965, legislation that aimed to eliminate barriers to voting for African Americans, ensuring their right to vote and prohibiting discriminatory practices.

Poor People’s Campaign

a movement initiated in 1968 to address economic injustice and poverty among all races, advocating for the rights of poor Americans.

Busing

the practice of transporting students to schools outside their local districts to achieve racial integration.

Congressional Black Caucus

a group of African American members of the United States Congress, formed to address the legislative concerns of Black Americans and promote their interests.

Fair Housing Act (1968)

A landmark legislation that prohibits discrimination in housing based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, aimed at ensuring equal housing opportunities.

Million Man March

A large gathering of African American men in Washington, D.C., aimed at promoting unity, responsibility, and social justice within the Black community.

Carceral State

a society where prisons and the criminal justice system play a central role in controlling and punishing people, especially marginalized groups.

Jena Six case (2006)

six Black teenagers in Jena, Louisiana, who were charged with the beating of a white student in 2006. The case sparked protests, as many believed the teens were unfairly targeted and the charges were too severe.

Broken Windows theory

idea that fixing small problems, like vandalism or minor crimes, helps prevent larger crimes from happening. It suggests that visible signs of disorder can encourage more serious criminal behavior.

“stop and frisk”

police practice where officers stop people, question them, and search for weapons or illegal items. It's often criticized for targeting minority groups unfairly.

#Blacklivesmatter

a movement that protests against violence and racism toward Black people. It aims to promote equality and justice for Black communities.