Digestive, Blood Typing, Urinalysis, and Pulmonary Physiology Review

75 question-and-answer flashcards covering digestive enzymes, biochemical testing, blood typing, urinalysis, and pulmonary function concepts.

1. What enzyme breaks down starch?

Amylase

2. What enzyme breaks down protein?

Pepsin

3. What enzyme breaks down lipids?

Lipase

4. Where does starch digestion begin?

In the mouth

5. Where does protein digestion begin?

In the stomach

6. Where does lipid digestion begin?

In the duodenum

7. When testing for starch digestion, what does a blue color indicate?

No breakdown of starch

8. When testing for protein digestion, what does a cloudy color indicate?

Protein breakdown

9. When testing for lipid digestion, what does a blue color indicate?

No breakdown of lipids

10. Emulsification of lipids is carried out by what substance?

Bile

11. If lipids are broken down during testing, what color should the liquid turn?

Red (pink)

12. If starch is broken down during testing, what color should the liquid turn?

Orange

13. If protein is broken down during testing, how should the liquid appear?

Transparent (clear)

14. In what environment does amylase thrive?

Neutral pH in the mouth and small intestine (all of the above)

15. In what environment does pepsin thrive?

Acidic pH in the stomach

16. In what environment does lingual lipase thrive?

Acidic pH in the stomach

17. In what environment does pancreatic lipase thrive?

Basic pH in the small intestine

18. Into what are starches broken down before absorption?

Monosaccharides

19. Into what are proteins broken down before absorption?

Amino acids

20. Into what are lipids broken down before absorption?

Fatty acids and monoglycerides

21. For optimal lipid digestion, do you only need lipase?

False

22. Do proteins require both pepsin and pancreatic enzymes for digestion?

True

23. What determines a person’s blood type?

Antigens on erythrocytes

24. Where are antibodies found in blood?

In the plasma

25. What causes agglutination of blood?

Binding of antibodies to antigens

26. What does agglutination lead to?

Clumping of blood

27. Where are antigens located in blood?

On erythrocytes (red blood cells)

28. Which of the following are valid blood types?

A-, B+, AB-, O- (all listed)

29. From which blood type can an O- individual receive blood?

O- only

30. To whom can an AB+ individual donate blood?

AB+ recipients only

31. Can a person with A+ blood receive blood from A-?

Yes

32. From which type can a B- individual receive blood?

B- (and O-, though not listed)

33. Which blood type has both A and B antigens?

AB

34. What blood type can an A- individual receive?

A- (and O-)

35. To whom can an O+ individual donate blood?

O+ and AB+ recipients

36. What blood type can B+ receive (from options given)?

B- (and O±, B+, but only B- listed)

37. Which blood types can AB- receive from (options given)?

A- and B-

38. To whom can someone with B- donate (options given)?

B+ and AB+

39. What initiates the immune response in mismatched blood?

Antibodies

40. What does the specific gravity of urine measure?

Osmolarity (concentration)

41. Does a higher urinometer reading indicate increased or decreased specific gravity?

Increased specific gravity

42. When reading a urine test strip, do you read from the top or bottom?

From the top

43. Which bodily fluid is roughly four times more concentrated than the others listed?

Urine

44. Which organ filters blood into urine?

The kidney

45. What pH is urine usually?

Acidic

46. The urine-strip results shown suggest which disease?

Diabetes (glucose positive)

47. A urine sample from someone with a UTI is typically positive for which markers?

Nitrites and leukocytes

48. A urine sample positive for protein indicates which condition?

Proteinuria

49. In the spirometry diagram, what does A represent?

Expiratory reserve volume

50. In the spirometry diagram, what does B represent?

Inspiratory reserve volume

51. In the spirometry diagram, what does C represent?

Vital capacity

52. In the spirometry diagram, what does D represent?

Tidal volume

53. In the spirometry diagram, what does E represent?

Residual volume

54. What does a spirometer measure?

The volume of air in the lungs (pulmonary volumes)

55. Asthma is classified as which type of lung disease?

Obstructive

56. Emphysema is classified as which type of lung disease?

Obstructive

57. Which of the following are symptoms of asthma?

Inflammation of bronchioles, coughing, and wheezing (all of the above)

58. Which are symptoms of emphysema?

Damage to alveoli, difficulty breathing, and chest tightness

59. With restrictive lung diseases, tidal volume increases. True or False?

False

60. With obstructive lung diseases, expiratory volume decreases. True or False?

True

61. With restrictive lung diseases, inspiratory volume increases. True or False?

False

62. With obstructive lung diseases, residual and tidal volumes increase. True or False?

True

63. Which lung disease category prevents patients from getting air in?

Restrictive lung diseases

64. Which lung disease categories prevent patients from getting air out?

Obstructive diseases, including asthma and emphysema

65. Calculate minute ventilation for VT = 500 mL, RR = 15 breaths/min.

7.5 L

66. Calculate minute ventilation for VT = 400 mL, RR = 12 breaths/min.

4.8 L

67. Calculate minute ventilation for VT = 600 mL, RR = 16 breaths/min.

9.6 L

68. Calculate minute ventilation for VT = 500 mL, RR = 20 breaths/min.

10 L

69. What does tidal volume (TV) measure?

The volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort

70. What does inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) measure?

The volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inspiration

71. What does expiratory reserve volume (ERV) measure?

The volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

72. What does vital capacity (VC) measure?

The volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation

73. What does residual volume (RV) measure?

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation

74. What does minute ventilation (MV) measure?

The total volume of air breathed in one minute

75. Total lung capacity (TLC) is determined by which components?

Vital capacity and residual volume