definitions and scope of anaphy

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the study of anatomy

the science of body structures and the relationships among them and it was first studied by dissection

dissection

the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships

dissection

scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structures

dissection

example: shape and size of bones

came from two Greek words:

ana-

tomy-

up or apart, process of cutting

anatomy by Marieb

the structure and shape of the body and body parts, and their relationships to one another

anatomy by Britiller

is the structure of the body and how the parts are organized

developmental anatomy

studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood

embryology

a subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to the end of the 8th week of development

microscopic anatomy

the study of microscopic structures that can only be seen through the aid of a microscope

cytology

examines the structural features of cells

histology

examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them

gross anatomy

study of structures that can be examined without the aid of microscope

systematic anatomy

the body is studied system by system

regional anatomy

the body is studied area by area. within each region, such as the head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously

radiographic or topographic anatomy

body structures that can be visualized with techniques

neuroanatomy

study of the relationship between structure and function in the nervous system

applied anatomy

methods of dissection as well as clinical anatomy that compares normal with abnormal structure

physiology

scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

physiology

science of body functions--how the body parts work

came from 2 Greek words

physio-

logy-

nature, study of

the major goals when studying human physiology are…

to understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli and to understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in a constantly changing environment

physiology

the structure of a part of the body often reflects its functions

general physiology

examines systems rather than regions because a particular function can involve portions of a system in more than one region in a normal functions of the body

cell physiology

scientific study of physiological processes operating among cells

neurophysiology

functional properties of nerve cells

endocrinology

the approach of chemical regulators in the blood called hormones and how they control body functions

cardiovascular physiology

functions of the heart and blood vessels

immunology

the body’s defences against disease-causing agents

respiratory physiology

functions of the air passageways and lungs

renal physiology

functions of the kidney

exercise physiology

changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

pathophysiology

functional changes associated with disease and ageing

homeostasis

the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

to achieve homeostasis,…

the body must actively regulate conditions that are constantly changing

homeostasis ensures that…

the body’s internal environment remains steady despite changes inside and outside the body

internal environment, extracellular fluid

consists of the fluid surrounding the body cells, called the _____

internal environment

includes tissue fluid and blood plasma

negative feedback system

reverses a change in a controlled condition

negative feedback

consider the regulation of blood pressure

blood pressure (BP)

the force exerted by blood as it presses against the walls of blood vessels

bp increases

when the heart beats faster or harder

positive feedback system

tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions

positive feedback system

the response affects the controlled condition differently than in a negative feedback system