AP Bio Unit 1

carbohydrate

macromolecule composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen used for short term energy

polysaccharide

polymer of a carbohydrate

monosaccharide

monomer of a carbohydrate

starch

short term energy storage carbohydrate in both plants and animals

cellulose

structural carbohydrate in plants (cell walls, chitin, able to stack)

mono

prefix meaning one

di

prefix meaning two

poly

prefix meaning many (3+)

glucose

monosaccharide broken down during cellular respiration to make ATP ($C_6H_{12}O_6$)

ose

most sugar names end in

lipids

macromolecule composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and sometimes Phosphorus, commonly referred to as fats, oils, or waxes

saturated fats

fats that are singularly bonded and form solids at room temperature

fatty acids

monomer of lipids

unsaturated fats

fats that have double bonds in their molecular structure, forming kinks, that are liquid at room temperature.

steroids

Carbon skeleton with four fused rings

nucleic acid

macromolecules that store genetic material

nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acid, composed of a sugar phosphate and nitrogenous base

nucleic acid

macromolecule composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

DNA RNA

two types of nucleic acids

5, 3/3, 5

DNA and RNA have a _ prime end and a _ prime end

long term energy storage

main function of lipids

thymine

the nitrogenous base that pairs with adenine in DNA

uracil

the nitrogenous base that pairs with adenine in RNA

adenine

the nitrogenous base that pairs with thymine

guanine

the nitrogenous base that pairs with cytosine

cytosine

the nitrogenous base that pairs with guanine

deoxyribose

the sugar that DNA is made of

ribose

the sugar that RNA is made of

protein

macromolecule composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur

ribosome

organelle in which proteins are formed during protein synthesis through the use of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA

amino acids

monomer of protein

polypeptide

polymer of protein

peptide

the type of bond that links amino acids together

denature

when a protein changes shape and loses function

primary structure

long singular ribbon shaped chains in which amino acids are organized

secondary structure

the structure of amino acids being repeatedly coiled or folded in patterns

alpha helix

a type of secondary structure that is coiled

beta pleated sheet

a type of secondary structure that is lying side by side, similar to a fan

tertiary

protein structure that is a combination of primary and secondary structures folding together

quaternary

the name for the structure of 2 or more polypeptides bonded together

dehydration synthesis

water being lost in order to bond two monomers

hydrolysis

water being added to break down a polymer into monomers

glycogen

animal energy storage polysaccharide

chargaff’s rule

the percentage of one nitrogenous base must match the percentage of the nitrogenous base it pairs with

hemoglobin

iron rich protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

lipid

*GENERALLY* the only nonpolar macromolecule

phospholipid

type of lipid that is both polar and nonpolar

hydrogen bond

the type of bond that water molecules have with other water molecules

polar covalent bond

the type of bond that oxygen has with hydrogen in water molecules

cohesion

water molecules being attracted to each other and hydrogen bonding to each other

adhesion

water molecules attaching to and hydrogen bonding with other polar or charged molecules

surface tension

cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water because of the water molecules having fewer bonds, allowing it to slightly resist being ruptured

capillary action

water using both cohesion and adhesion to move upward vertically

stomata

the small openings on the bottoms of leaves that allow them to exchange gases and get rid of water because of evaporation

liquid

state of water that has a lot of hydrogen bonds constantly breaking and reforming

carbon

element with four valence electrons that allow it to covalently bond with up to four dif things at a time

exergonic

releases free energy and is hot

endergonic

requires energy usage and is cooler to the touch

biomolecular metabolism

chemical reactions that synthesize and hydrolize biomolecule/macros for energy storage and release in an organism

macromolecule

large organic carbon based molecule

hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

isomers

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

structural isomer

type of isomer that varies in covalent arrangement

cis-trans isomer

type of isomer that differs in spatial arrangement

enantiomer

isomer that is a mirror image of a molecule

hydroxyl

functional group consisting of an oxygen atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom, found in alcohols (—OH)

carboxyl

functional group that consists of one carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms, one of those oxygen atoms bonded to a hydrogen atom. found in acids (—COOH)

amino

functional group consisting of one nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. found in bases like ammonia (—NHsub2)

sulfhydryl

functional group consisting of one sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, found in rubber (—SH)

phosphate

functional group consisting of one phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, found in ATP (—POsub4

functional group

chemical group that can replace one or more of the hydrogens bonded to the carbon skeleton of a hydrocarbon

water

“universal” solvent