Abeka Health Grade 9 Section 2.2

Muscular Strength

how much force a muscle or group of muscles can exert

Muscular Endurance

the ability of a muscle to hold a contraction or contract repeatedly over a period of time without becoming fatigued

Flexibility

the ability of a muscle to extend easily through its full range of motion

Osteology

The study of the skeletal system and its disorders and diseases

Axial Skeleton

the bones of the skull, vertebral column, the hyoid bone, the ribs, and the sternum

Appendicular Skeleton

the pectoral girdle with upper appendage, and the pelvic girdle with lower appendages

Cervical Vertebrae

forms the neck in the skeleton

Thoracic Vertebrae

the longest segment of the vertebral column; provide attachments for the rib cage

Lumbar

the largest of all the vertebrae; form the lower back and support the weight of the entire upper body

Sacrum

the sacral vertebrae, which are separate vertebrae in infants, that are fused into a single bone; the sacral in adults

Coccyx

consists of fused vertebrae; helps absorb the shock to the spine when you sit down, and it provides an attachment for the muscles that allow you to stand in a upright position.

Upper appendages

arms

Scapulae

shoulder blades

Clavicle

collarbone

Humerus

the upper arm bone

Radius

in line with the thumb

Ulna

in line with the pinkie

Carpals

wrist bones

Lower Appendages

legs

Pelvic girdle

a rigid ring of thick bone that supports most of the body’s weight

Femur

the largest and longest bone in the body; thigh bone

Tibia

shin; the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg

Tarsals

ankle bones; thicker and stronger than the carpals

Periosteum

a protective sheath that contains blood vessels that help supply nutrients to the bone

Compact bone

gives the bone great strength and ridgdity

Spongy bone

lightweight, porous tissues

Red Marrow

a special tissue that manufactures red blood cells and white blood cells

Yellow marrow

stores fats in the bone

Immovable joints

the joints of the cranium, which join the bones tightly together

Slightly moveable joints

the joints between the vertebrae, which make some bending and twisting movements possible

Ball-and-socket Joint

allows the widest range of motion; shoulder and hip joint

Hinge joints

allow a bone to move up and down in one plane; knee and phalanges joint

Pivot joints

allow only a rotating movement; radius, ulna, and between the first two cervical vertebrae

Gliding joints

allow slight movements in which one bone slides along the surface of another; between the carpals and tarsals

Saddle joints

permit motion in two planes, up-and-down and left-to-right; only found in the thumbs

Ellipsoid joint

condyloid; motion in two planes, up-and-down and left-to-right; between the metacarpals and phalanges

Cartilage

tough, slippery that allows the bones to glide smoothly over each other

Ligaments

strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that fasten the bones together

Myology

The study of the structure, functions, disorders, and diseases of the muscular system

Kinesiology

the study of anatomy in relation to movement, especially the mechanics of human motion

Skeletal muscles

those that primary move the parts of the skeleton

Voluntary muscles

muscles under conscious control; skeletal muscles

Involuntary muscles

are not under completely conscious, voluntary control; cardiac and smooth muscles

Cardiac muscle tissue

designed to contract repeatedly without tiring; only found in the heart

Smooth muscle tissue

designed for slow, powerful, and prolonged contractions, is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels

Muscle fibers

muscle cells bound together in parallel bundles

Fast Twitch Fibers

powerful white fibers that are used for short bursts of maximum strength

Slow Twitch Fibers

red fibers have much greater endurance than fast twitch fibers and can contract repeatedly for long periods without tiring

Muscle tone

the slight tension in a relaxed in which a small percentage of muscle fibers are contracted at rest; gives flesh it firmness

Flexors

muscles that decrease the angle between the bones of a joint

Extensors

muscle that increase the angle between the bones of a joint

Tendon

connective tissue covering a muscle tapers into a tough cord at each end of the muscle

Origin

a relatively immovable part of the body, usually a bone, to which one end of a skeletal muscle is attached

Insertion

a moveable part, such as another bone or skin, that the end of a skeletal muscle is attached

Sternoclediomastiod

muscles that connect the temporal bones of the skull with the sternum and clavicles

Trapezius

muscles that allow you to shrug or pull your shoulders back and tilt your head back so that you can look up

Temporalis and Masseter

muscles that connect the mandible to the cranium and allow you to close your jaw

Latissimus Dorsi

muscles which connect the humerus of each arm to the lumbar region of the spine and draw your arms back

Pectoralis Major

muscles that extend from the sternum toward the outside of the chest, where they to connect each humerus

Deltoid

Muscles which form the curves of your shoulders, that allow you to raise your arms out to the side

Biceps Brachii

muscles that allow you to bend your arms at elbow

Triceps Brachii

muscles that extend, or straighten, your arms

Gluteus Maximus

muscles which pull the upper legs downward and backward; the largest and strongest muscles in the whole body

Hamstrings

a group of three muscles in the back of each thigh, work together to bend the leg at the knee

Quadriceps Femoris

a group of four muscles located in the front of each thigh, straighten the leg

Adductors

the inner thigh muscle that draws the leg inward toward the body

Abductors

hip muscle that pull leg sideways away from the body

Sartorius

Muscle that extends diagonally downward from the front of the pelvic bone, passes around the front of the thigh, and connects to the tibia.

Gastrocnemius

the largest muscle of the calf that extends the food foot downward by pulling up on the achilles tendon

Tibialis Anterior

works opposite the gastrocnemius, pulling the foot upward