Chapter 6-8 Exam Review Flashcards

These flashcards cover key concepts from Chapters 6 to 8 related to energy, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis.

Potential Energy

The energy that is stored in an object due to its position or arrangement.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of an object in motion.

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

In any energy transfer, the total entropy of a system will increase over time.

Entropy

A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.

Endergonic Reaction

A reaction that requires energy to proceed, such as anabolic reactions.

Exergonic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy, such as catabolic reactions.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy carrier in living organisms, used for energy transfer.

Phosphorylation

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often to activate it.

Enzyme

A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions.

Activators

Substances that increase enzyme activity.

Inhibitors

Substances that decrease enzyme activity.

Competitive Inhibitor

An inhibitor that resembles the substrate and competes for the active site of an enzyme.

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

An inhibitor that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, changing its shape.

Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (exothermic reaction).

Redox Reactions

Chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between two substances.

Oxidizing Agent

A substance that gains electrons in a redox reaction.

Reducing Agent

A substance that loses electrons in a redox reaction.

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration that occurs without oxygen.

Aerobic Respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen.

Stages of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Includes glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Chemiosmosis

Process in which ATP is produced using the flow of protons across a membrane.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

The direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of the electron transport chain.

Chlorophyll

The main photosynthetic pigment located primarily in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

Stomata

Small openings on the surfaces of leaves that allow for gas exchange during photosynthesis.

Chloroplast Structure

Consists of double membrane, stroma, grana, and thylakoids.

Light-Dependent Reactions

Reactions in photosynthesis that convert light energy to chemical energy, occurring in the thylakoid membranes.

Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose, occurring in the stroma.

Carbon Fixation

The process of converting inorganic CO2 into organic compounds during the Calvin Cycle.