MIS 101 Final (Professor Choi)

Business intelligence systems

An IS that processes operational, social, and other data to identify patterns, relationships, and trends, or business intelligence, for use by business professionals or knowledge workers.

BI application

The software component of a BI system.

Primary Activities in the BI Process (Data)

Obtain, Cleanse, Organize & Relate, Catalog.

Primary Activities in the BI Process (Analysis)

Reporting, Data mining, BigData, Knowledge management.

Primary Activities in the BI Process (Publish)

Print, Web servers, Report servers, Automation.

Data Sources for BI

Operational databases, Social data, Purchased data, Employee knowledge.

Data Warehouse

A repository for an organization's BI data.

Data Mart

A data collection, smaller than the data warehouse, that addresses the needs of a particular department or functional area of the business.

Basic Operations for processing BI Data

Sorting, Filtering, Grouping, Calculating, Formatting

RFM Analysis

Recently, Frequently, Money (amount).

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

A category of software tools that provides analysis of data stored in a data warehouse, enabling users to analyze different dimensions of multidimensional data.

Supervised Data Mining

Uses a priori model for prediction.

Unsupervised Data Mining

No a priori hypothesis or model. Findings obtained solely by data analysis.

Market-Basket Analysis

Identify sales patterns in large volumes of data, identifying what products customers tend to buy together to compute probabilities of purchases.

Decision Trees

Unsupervised data mining technique involving a hierarchical arrangement of criteria to predict a value or classification.

BigData

Huge volume, rapid velocity, great variety of data.

Hadoop

Open-source program supported by Apache Software Foundation that manages thousands of computers and implements MapReduce.

Alternatives for Publishing BI

Email or collaboration tool, Web server, SharePoint, BI server.

Content Management Systems (CMS)

Support management and delivery of documents and other expressions of employee knowledge.

Knowledge Management (KM)

Creating value from intellectual capital and sharing knowledge with those who need that capital, preserving organizational memory.

Expert Systems

Rule-based systems that encode human knowledge, processing IF side of rules to report values of all variables.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The ability of a machine to simulate human abilities such as vision, communication, recognition, learning, and decision making in order to achieve a goal.

Goal of AI

Weak AI focuses on completing a single specific task, while Strong AI can complete all of the same tasks a human can, and superintelligence is capable of intelligence more advanced than human intelligence.

Singularity

Computer systems adapt and create their own software without human assistance, possessing and creating information for themselves.

Purpose of a Database

To organize, keep track of things, and track multiple themes.

Database Components

Columns, also called fields, and rows, also called records, as well as characters, also called bytes.

Database Management System (DBMS)

A program used to create, process, and administer a database; examples include DB2, Access, SQL Server, and Oracle Database.

SQL (Structured Query Language)

International standard language used by nearly all DBMS to process a database.

DBMS Process Operations

Read, insert, modify, and delete data.

Forms

View data; insert new, update existing, delete existing data.

Queries

Search using values provided by user.

Reports

Structured presentation of data using sorting, grouping, filtering, other operations.

Application programs

Provide security, data consistency, special purpose processing, e.g., handle out-of-stock situations.

Entities

Something to track, e.g., order, customer, salesperson, item.

Attributes

Describe characteristics of entity, e.g., OrderNumber, CustomerNumber, VolunteerName.

Identifier

Uniquely identifies one entity instance from other instances, e.g., StudentIDNumber

Maximum cardinality

Maximum number of entities in a relationship.

Minimum cardinality

Minimum number of entities in a relationship.

Normalization

Converting a poorly structured table into two or more well-structured tables to minimize data integrity problems.

How to represent each entity with a table

Entity identifier becomes table key; Entity attributes become table columns.

eHermes Chooses Option 1

Uses SQL Server to store metadata and creates E-R diagram.

NoSQL DBMS (NotRelational DBMS)

Supports very high transaction rates, processing relatively simple data structures, replicated on many servers in the cloud, without ACID transaction support.

NewSQL DBMS

Process very high levels of transactions, like NoSQL DBMS, but provide ACID support; may or may not support relational model.

ACID Transactions

Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, Durable transactions.

Elastic Leasing

Automatically adjusts for unpredictable demand and limits financial risks associated with cloud resources.

Pooled Resources

Physical hardware is shared in the cloud, leading to economies of scale.

Economies of Scale

The average cost decreases as the size of the operation increases.

Virtualization

A driver for cloud technology. Enables standardized processing.

SaaS (Software as a Service)

A cloud service where vendors provide software applications over the internet (e.g., Salesforce.com, Office 365).

PaaS (Platform as a Service)

A cloud service where vendors provide a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications (e.g., Microsoft Azure).

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)

A cloud service where vendors provide basic computing infrastructure like servers and storage (e.g., Amazon EC2).

Personal Area Network (PAN)

Devices connected around a single person.

Local Area Network (LAN)

Computers connected at a single physical site.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Computers connected between two or more separated sites.

Internet

Networks of networks.

IEEE 802.3

Wired LAN protocol; Ethernet.

IEEE 802.11

Wireless LAN protocol.

Bluetooth

Transmits data short distances for personal networks.

Public IP address

Identifies a unique device on the Internet.

Private IP address

Identifies a device on a private network, usually a LAN.

DNS (Domain Name System)

Translates domain names to IP addresses.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Internet address protocol, such as http://.

Three-Tier Architecture

Architecture with User Tier(Web Browsers), Server Tier (Web Server), and Database Tier(DBMS computer).

VPN (Virtual Private Network)

Technology used to establish a secure connection to a private network over the internet.

WSDL (Web Services Description Language)

Standard for describing the services, inputs, outputs, and other data supported by a web service.

SOAP

Communication protocol for requesting Web services and for sending responses to Web service requests.

XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

Used for transmitting documents with more overhead.

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)

Markup language used for transmitting documents; preferred for transmitting volumes of data between servers and browsers.

Safeguards

Protective actions to minimize loss from threats and vulnerabilities.

Threats

Sources of danger that seek to undermine data and other assets.

Vulnerabilities

Weaknesses in systems that make them susceptible to threats.

Pretexting

Attempting to obtain unauthorized data by posing as someone else.

Phishing

Obtaining unauthorized data through email spoofing and phishing sites.

Spoofing

Pretending to be someone else via a false IP or email address.

Sniffing

Intercepting computer communications.

Hacking

Breaking into systems to steal data.

Usurpation

Occurs when someone deceives by pretending to be someone else

Faulty Service

When systems do not operate correctly because of incorrect data modification, systems working incorrectly, faulty service, and denial of service.

Denial of Service (DoS)

Attacks meant to shut down a web site or computer resource.

SQL Injection Attack

Entering a user SQL statement into a form instead of name or other data resulting in data disclosure, damage and loss.

Key Escrow

A symmetric key is encrypted for secure communication.

Hardening

Special versions of operating system, lock down or eliminate operating systems features and functions not required by application.

Firewall Log

Lists of all dropped packets, infiltration attempts, unauthorized access, attempts from within the firewall.

Honeypots

Computers setup to attract and detect computer criminals.