physics

kinematics

study of motion and the values used to describe it

distance

total path taken

displacement

the direct distance between starting and ending points

scalar

has magnitude only

vectors

has magnitude and direction

speed

change of distance over time

velocity

change in distance over time with direction

instantaneous speed

can be calculated from finding the slope on a distance time graph

acceleration

change of velocity over time

acceleration is the slope

velocity time graph

area under a velocity time graph

displacement

area under a acceleration time graph

change in velocity

area under a force time graph

impulse

trajectory

path in air

kinematic equations only apply

acceleration is constant

area under speed time graph

distance

why does gravity not affect horizontal motion

horizontal and vertical motion are completely independent of each other

what speed do objects hit the ground with

the same speed it was released with

fluids

gases and liquids

air resistance comes from what

an objects kinetic energy transferring into the fluid

terminal velocity

when the speed of a falling object does not increase

inertia

resistance to change in motion

newtons first law

an object remains stationary or moves at constant velocity until acted upon by an external force

Newton’s second law

Force = mass x acceleration

Newtons

applied force needed to accelerate 1 kg of mass at the rate of 1 m/s

Newton’s third law

every action has an equal and opposite reaction

translational equilibrium

an object when it is either at rest or moving at constant velocity

non-contact forces

when forces are acting between objects that dont touch

contact forces

forces we observe when objects are touching in some way

extension

change in length from the springs intial length

Hooke’s Law

F = K(change in x)

K

spring constant

combinging springs in series

(1/k_t)= (1/k₁)+ (1/k₂)

combining springs in parallel

k_t = k₁ + k₂

total spring extension in series

(2mg)/k

density

mass/volume

pressure

normal force/area

buoyancy force

density x gravity x volume

height of a floating object

depends on densities of object and fluid

archimedes’ principle

upwards buoyancy is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by said object

ratio for coefficient of friction

friction/normal force

Stokes Law for drag

6π(viscosity)(speed)(radius)

momentum

mass x velocity

collision

any interaction where momentum is transferred or shared between moving objects

impulse

force x change in time

principle of conservation of linear momentum

momentum is always constant when no resultant external force acts on the system

if an initially stationary system separates abruptly, what’s the final momentum

final momentum is zero because they are opposite in direction.

kinetic energy using momentum

Ke = (p²/2m)

what happens if the densities are equal

it floats

pressure units

N/m²

1 N

1 kg/m²

range

horizontal velocity x time

centripetal force

(mv²)/r

magnetic force

Qvb = F

Q - charge

v - velocuty

b - mangetic field

angular velocity from linear velocity

𝜔=𝑣/𝑟

angular velocity from angular displacement

𝜔 = theta/ time

angular velocity from time period

𝜔 = 2π/T

angular velocity from frequency

𝜔 = 2πf

circumference

2πr

Keplers 1st law

planets’ orbits are eliptical ovals not perfect circles

Keplers 2nd law

orbits of planets sweep equal areas in equal amounts of time

Keplers 3rd law

planets orbital period squared is proportional to average distance cubed

gravitational force

((G)(m₁)(m₂))/r²

when objects in a collision stick together

add masses

a perfectly elastic collision forms

a right angle

elastic potential energy

(1/2)kx

heat formula

Q=mct

specific temperature (C)

amount of energy needed to change temperature of a given object w mass

units for specific temperature

J/((kg)(k))

Heat equation for phase changes

Q=mL

energy being proportional to mass means what

larger objects w slow kinetic particles have more energy than small objects w high kinetic particles

specific heat of water

4185

specific heat of ice

2100

specific heat of vapor

2010

latent heat of fusion

334000

latent heat of vaporization

2.26×10^6

ideal gas law with moles

PV=nRT

ideal gas law with particles

PV = NK_BT

R

gas constant - 8.31

K_B

botzman constant - 1.38 ×10^-23

n

moles

N

number of particles

Internal energy

U = (3/2)nRT = (3/2)NK_BT

root mean velocity square

((3K_BT)/m)^1/2

Volume in a piston problem

Area (change in length)