Solutions

Exothermic Solvation

new interactions are stronger than the original ones, favored at low temperatures

Endothermic Solvation

New interactions are weaker than the original ones, favored at high temperatures

Solubility

maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent at a certain temperature

Saturated

dissolved solute is in equilibrium with its undissolved state

What is a ligand

Electron pair donor molecules

Chelation

central cation is bonded to the same ligand in multiple places

percent composition by mass

(mass of solute) / (Mass of solution) X 100%

mole fraction

X_A = (Moles of A) / (Total moles of all species)

Molarity (M)

(moles of solute) / (liters of solution)

Molality (m)

(Moles of solute) / (kg of solvent)

Concentration of a solution after dilution

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

Relationship between K_sp and temp and pressure

K_sp increases with an increase in pressure

K_sp increases with temp in non-gas solutes and decreases with gas solutes

Ion Product (IP) and K_sp

IP < K_sp : unsaturated, solute will continue to dissolve

IP = K_sp : saturated, equilibrium

IP > K_sp supersaturated, precipitation

Common ion effect

solubility of a salt is reduced when dissolved in a solution that already contains one of its constituent ions