LAB: Axial Skeleton

Frontal bone

Parietal bone

temporal bone

occipital bone

Sphenoid bone (lateral view)

sphenoid bone (inferior view)

ethmoid bone

Zygomatic bone

mandibular fossa

a smooth, oval depression on the temporal bone of the skull where the lower jawbone meets the head

stylod process

mastoid process

external acoustic meatus

The ear canal leading to eardrum and middle ear, directs sound waves and protects the inner ear from external factors with earwax.

internal acoustic meatus

A short, narrow bony canal inside the skull that acts as a passageway for nerves and blood vessels.

jugular foramen

Located at the base of the skull, positioned between the temporal bone and the occipital bone. Allows for nerve passageway and blood drainage.

carotid canal

Located at the base of the skull within the temporal bone. Passageway for internal carotid artery

foramen magnum

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.

occipital condyles

two smooth, oval bumps on the bottom of the skull that connect your head to your neck. It also helps in rotating the skull back and forth and provides stability and balance.

greater wing of sphenoid bone

lesser wing of sphenoid bone

superior orbital fissure

is a narrow cleft-like opening at the back of the eye socket that allows vital nerves and blood vessels to pass between the brain and the eye

sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Located right in the middle of the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull and houses and protects the pituitary gland

optic canals of sphenoid bone

openings in the base of the lesser wings for cranial nerve II (optic nerve) and let the ophthalmic artery (main blood source for eye and eye socket) through

crsita galli

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

The horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity.

Aids in smelling and separating the nasal and cranial cavity.

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

superior portion of the bony nasal septum.

Divides the nose into left and right parts and support the nose bridge.

Middle nasal conchae

Located on the side wall inside each of your nasal passages.

Its function is to warm and moisten air, filter dust, and help in drainage for the sinuses

superior nasal concha of ethmoid bone

Found in the uppermost part of the inside of the nose above the middle nasal conchae.

Function is to aid in smelling, airflow, and acts as a drainage passageway for the ethmoid bone.

sagittal suture

coronal suture

squamous suture

lambdoidal suture

coronoid process of mandible

Located on the mandible right below your cheekbone area.

Its function is to help in chewing.

ramus of mandible

body of mandible

alveolar process of mandible

alveolar process of maxilla

palatine process of maxilla

palatine bone

Located deep inside the skull behind the upper jaw

separates the oral cavity (mouth) from the nasal cavity (nose)

zygomatic process of maxilla

lacrimal bone

lacrimal fossa

Located in the inner corner of the eye.

Houses the lacrimal sac, which helps to drain tears from the nasal cavity

nasal bone

Vomer

inferior nasal conchae

hyoid bone

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.

frontal sinus

ethmoid sinus

maxillary sinus

sphenoid sinus

function of sinuses

Reduce weight of head

Warm and humidify air

Trap dirt, dust, and germs in mucus

Absorb impact from head injuries

Modify voice during phonation

Manubrium of sternum

body of sternum

Xiphoid process of sternum

xiphisternal joint of sternum

true ribs

first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum

false ribs

Ribs 8-12; attach indirectly to sternum

floating ribs

Ribs 11-12; do not attach to sternum

anterior fontanel

Located at the top of the head

where the sagittal suture and coronal suture meet. Ossifies around 9-18 months of age.

posterior fontanel

back soft spot on fetal skull where the parietal and occipital bone meet. Closes by 1-2 months of age.

sphenoid fontanel

soft spot between frontal, parietal, temporal bones. Ossifies around 3-6 months.

mastoid fontanel

Located where the temporal, parietal, and occipital bones meet. Ossifies between 6-18 months of age.

What is the purpose of fontanelles?

To allow the skull to fold/flex during labor and provide room for rapid brain growth.

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

five (fused)

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

5 fused

How many coccyx vertebrae are there?

3-5 fused

body of vertebrae

vertebral arch of vertebrae

pedicle of vertebrae

lamina of vertebrae

spinous process of vertebrae

vertebral foramen

canal through which spinal cord passes

transverse process of vertebrae

The portion of the vertebrae that points out laterally, serving as a crucial anchor point for muscles and ligaments.

superior articular process of vertebrae

An upward-projecting bony bump on the posterior arch that connects with the vertebra directly above it. It also provides stability for the spinal column and determines the movement of the spine.

inferior articular process of vertebrae

articular process that arises at the junction between the pedicles and laminae; projects downward and connects with the vertebra directly below it. It also provides stability for the spinal column and determines the movement of the spine.

Transverse foreman of cervical vertebrae

The two holes lateral to the body of a vertebrae that allows vital blood vessels and nerves to safely travel up to the brain.

facets where ribs articulate (thoracic vertebra)

What is this vertebrae?

Atlas (C1)

posterior arch of C1?

anterior arch of C1?

superior articular facet of C1

inferior articular facet of C1

the underside of the superior articular facet of C1

What is this vertebrae?

Axis (C2)

Dens of C2

superior articular facets of C2

Inferior articular facets of C2

the underside of the superior articular facet of C2

spinous process of C2

Promontory of sacrum

anterior view

foramina of sacrum

median sacral crest of sacrum

posterior veiw

Body of sacrum posterior view

concave

curves inward

convex

curves outward

Lordosis

abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

Kyphosis

excessive outward curvature of the upper thoracic spine, causing hunching of the back.

Scoliosis

an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine