Bio exam 2 - evolution

Evolution is a ___ that ___

• process & changes over time

Biodiversity is a ____ of ____

• product & all extant and extinct species

Natural selection is a ____ of ____

• mechanism & survival of the fittest

What resisted evolution?

• western culture

500 BCE …

• Greek Philosophers

1000 - 1500 ACE …

• Christian view: old testament

1700 ACE…

• natural theology: belief of creator

1700 ACE.. who developed taxonomy?

• Carolus Linnaeus

Who was Jean Baptiste Lamarck?

• saw fossils in evolutionary context

• evolution by means of “acquired characteristics”

• giraffe example

Paleontology 

• study of fossils

Charles Darwin 2 main points

• all organisms descended from ancestral species

• natural selection - mechanism for evolution

Darwin book and year

• “The Origin of Species”

• 1859

What is evolution?

• a fact

• most tested

• oldest

• powerful

• strongest

• scientific theory

Darwin Biography

• wealthy

• hard worker

• religious/shy/modest

• prolific writer

Where did Darwin study?

• Edinburgh U - medical, left without degree

• Enrolled at Christ College

• 1831- clergyman

Name of ship Darwin went on

Beagle - 5 year survey

What did Darwin do during the travels?

• explored on shore

• collected thousands of specimen

• read available literature

Where did they go during the travels?

• Argentine pampas

• Tierra del Fuego

• Andes

• Brazilian Amazonian jungle

South American Fossils

• closely resembled modern species from than those from Europe

Galapagos Islands

• unique species

• resembled species from South America mainland

• species from mainland colonized

James Hutton - Scottish geologist

• theory of gradualism

• profound change → slow

Charles Lyell - principle of Geology

• theory of uniformitarianism

• continues throughout Earth’s history

How old is the Earth?

• 4.6 billion years old

Thomas Malthus

• wrote “Essay on Human Populations”

• population growing too fast → not enough resources → struggle to extreme dangers to humans

What is the reason for wars?

• access to resources

Adaptation (noun) definition

• characteristic of an organism

3 main adaptation points

• anatomical

• physiological

• behavioral

1840s

• Darwin developed natural selection

1858

• Darwin presented to Linnaen Society of London

1882

• died and buried in Westminister Abbey

What are the 5 observations of natural selection?

• Nature is prodigal

• Populations stable in size

• Resources are limited

• Individuals vary extensively

• Most variation is heritable

Observation #1 example

• puff balls

Inference #1 Fill in the blank: survival and reproduction aren’t ____, but depend constitution of the individual

• random

Inference #2 Fill in the blank: ____ ability of individuals to survive and reproduce

→ gradual ___ populations

→ favorable traits accumulate over ____

• unequal

• change

• generations

Inference #3 Fill in the blank: ____ / _____ does the selection

• environment/nature

Darwinian Fitness

• enhanced survival and reproduction of individuals with respect to other such organisms

• linked to adaption

Phylogenetic Trees

• graphic representation of evolutionary history

• product of evolution

• based on significant traits = adaptations

5 Evidences of Evolution

• Biogeography

• Endemism

• Colonization

• Paleontology

• Erosion/Sedimentation

Biogeography

• study of distribution and relative density in different areas

Endemism

• species that live in one isolated area (like islands)

Colonization

• when species move to new environments, they adapt to survive there

Living Cetaceans

• Blue whale

Evolution of the horse

• equus

3 types of mammals

• placental

• marsupial

• egg-laying

Deeper evidence of evolution

• comparative anatomy

• comparative embryology

• molecular biology

• genetics

• DNA

• genetic code

• protein synthesis

3 examples of the vestigial organs

• third molar

• blindness in cave animals

• ear muscles

What kind of mammal and where is the flying squirrel from?

• placental

• North America

What kind of mammal and where is the sugar glider from?

• Marsupial

• Australia

Allele

• version of a gene

Ear lobe example

• ear lobe attached (recessive)

• ear lobe free (dominant)

Blood type example

• AB: co-dominant

• O: recessive

• AO: dominant

• BO: dominant

Population

• a group of individuals of a species, live in the same area/time

Species (biological)

• a population/group of populations whose members share characteristics, can breed with each other, and produce fertile offspring

Gene flow: alleles move among ___

• populations

Gene flow: fertile individuals or ___ (ex: pollen)

• gametes

Gene flow: tends to ___ variations among populations over time

• reduce

Gene flow: hold a species together ___

• genetically

Sources of genetic variation: mutation

• constantly taking place

• most negative (cancer, down syndrome)

• some positive → adaptations

Sources of genetic variation #2

• sexual reproduction

Artificial selection =

• domestication

Subset of natural selection

• humans have been doing this for over 10,000 years

• produced new plants and animals

Brassica

• cabbage, kale, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower

• all came from that plant

Individuals are units of ___

• selection

Individuals do not ___

• evolve 

• populations evolve 

Evolution can be measured ____

• mathematically

What are natural events?

• extinctions

Natural selection is ___

• situational

True or false - humans have descended from monkeys

False

Lion case study

• lions have a pack and are polygamous

• the male lion fights against another male lion

• if the pack one loses, then it dies and the new lion rules the pack

• it kills the offspring and mates with the females