Basic Anatomy and Physiology of Livestock and Poultry: Muscular System

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering muscle functions, properties, classifications, structures, and functional groupings for animal production studies.

The stimulation of individual muscle fibers maintains a state of muscle contraction known as __________.

tonus

One of the physiological principles of __________ is body heat production through muscle function.

homeostasis

Skeletal muscles maintain posture, stabilize joints, and support the __________.

viscera

The property of muscle that allows it to respond to stimulation from nerve impulses is called __________.

Irritability (Electrical Excitability)

__________ describes the muscle property where it can be stretched up to $30\%$ of its resting length.

Extensibility

The tendency of a muscle to recoil to its original resting length after being stretched is called __________.

Elasticity

Skeletal muscle fibers are multi-nucleated, transversely striated, and grouped in parallel bundles called __________.

fasciculi

Smooth muscles occur mainly in blood vessels and tubular organs under __________ control, making them involuntary.

autonomic

The unique property of cardiac muscle that allows for intrinsic rhythm and involuntary contractions is _________.

auto-rhythmicity

In cardiac muscle, __________ help hold adjacent cells together and transmit the force of contraction.

intercalated discs

Skeletal muscle contraction is very fast, occurring in approximately __________.

$50\,msec$ ($0.05$ seconds)

Cardiac muscle contraction speed is moderate, occurring in approximately __________.

$150\,msec$ ($0.15$ sec)

Smooth muscle contraction is slow and sustainable, typically taking __________.

$1-3$ seconds

Dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone is known as __________.

tendons

The __________ is the less moveable attachment of the muscle, while the __________ is the more moveable bony attachment.

origin; insertion

The fleshy thick part of the muscle is called the __________ or gaster.

belly

The connective tissue sheath that binds individual fibers together and supports capillaries is the __________.

endomysium

The __________ is a sheath covering that binds groups of muscle fibers together into fasciculi.

perimysium

The sheath covering the entire muscle is called the __________.

epimysium

Fibrous connective tissue that covers the muscle and attaches to the skin is called __________.

fascia

A __________ decreases the angle of a joint, whereas an __________ increases the angle.

flexor; extensor

An __________ pulls a limb toward the median plane, while an __________ moves the limb away.

adductor; abductor

Muscles that encircle an opening, which can be either striated or smooth, are called __________.

sphincters

The muscles directly responsible for producing a desired action are the __________, while those that produce the opposite action are the __________.

agonists; antagonists

__________ are muscles that oppose any undesired action of the agonists.

synergists